Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis in adults and children. This study investigated the levels of lipoproteins in a northern Italian pediatric population, in relation to nutritional and familial factors. We studied 650 children on the basis of a 3-day dietary record; 361 of these children had their lipid levels [total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides] measured by a dry, multilayer method and apoprotein A-I and B by an immunonephelometric method. Familial history of cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia was recorded. Anthropometric variables were taken for each child. Mean TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were high compared with southern Italian data, but similar to those of other Western countries. Family history of cardiovascular disease could not identify children with higher levels of atherogenic lipoprotein. Nutritional factors affected lipoprotein levels. The most important finding was a higher TC/HDL-C ratio in the lower quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Obese children had higher levels of ApoB, triglycerides, TC and LDL-C, and lower levels of HDL-C; figures were higher for obese boys than for obese girls. Our study confirms a high prevalence of elevated levels of atherogenic lipoproteins among the northern Italian pediatric population and an association with nutritional factors and weight.
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PMID:Cholesterol and lipoprotein levels in Milanese children: relation to nutritional and familial factors. 161 95

It is accepted that atherosclerosis begins early in life and will develop over several years. The type of diet fed to young rats and other mammals plays a role in the regulation of adult lipid homeostasis. Foods vary in fatty acid content. The importance of diet on lipid profile has been demonstrated in several animal studies and in different human population groups. Bridging the effect of early diet and later adult cardiovascular disease deserves decisive collaboration among different specialists, as well as preventive dietary intervention based on recent advances from food composition and dietotherapy.
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PMID:Diet and body lipid composition: lessons from animal and human experiments. 161 2

Total content, pattern and transport by lipoproteins of gangliosides have been studied in the sera of 10 patients with hypercholesterolemia and manifest cardiovascular disease. Half of the patients with hypercholesterolemia and 3 healthy controls were treated with heparin-induced extracorporeal LDL precipitation (HELP). In the sera of the untreated group total gangliosides and cholesterol were elevated about 2-fold. Ratios of normal ganglioside components were not altered and abnormal ganglioside species not detected. Treatment with HELP resulted in an almost selective removal of lipid-bound sialic acid carried on LDL. The re-increase of total serum gangliosides was strictly correlated to that of LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. Total gangliosides and ratios of individual components carried on single LDL- and HDL-particles were not altered by the HELP treatment. Our results indicate that gangliosides are excreted into the serum along with nascent apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, which are of hepatic origin. In hypercholesterolemia excretion of gangliosides into the circulation is elevated and surplus of circulating gangliosides is bound to increased numbers of 'atherogenic' LDL. Biosynthesis of different ganglioside components, most probably by the liver, and total amount of gangliosides bound to lipoprotein particles seem not to be altered.
Atherosclerosis 1992 Jun
PMID:Human serum gangliosides in hypercholesterolemia, before and after extracorporeal elimination of LDL. 163 64

The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) is a population-based, longitudinal study of coronary heart disease and stroke in adults aged 65 years and older. The main objective of the study is to identify factors related to the onset and course of coronary heart disease and stroke. CHS is designed to determine the importance of conventional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in older adults, and to identify new risk factors in this age group, especially those that may be protective and modifiable. The study design called for enrollment of 1250 men and women in each of four communities: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Sacramento County, California; Washington County, Maryland; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Eligible participants were sampled from Medicare eligibility lists in each area. Extensive physical and laboratory evaluations were performed at baseline to identify the presence and severity of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and glucose intolerance; subclinical disease such as carotid artery atherosclerosis, left ventricular enlargement, and transient ischemia; and clinically overt CVD. These examinations in CHS permit evaluation of CVD risk factors in older adults, particularly in groups previously under-represented in epidemiologic studies, such as women and the very old. The first of two examination cycles began in June 1989. A second comprehensive examination will be repeated three years later. Periodic interim contacts are scheduled to ascertain and verify the incidence of CVD events, the frequency of recurrent events, and the sequellae of CVD.
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PMID:The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale. 166 7

Several studies have demonstrated an association between variation in the apolipoprotein (apo) B gene, principally as detected by the XbaI and EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), and lipoprotein levels or cardiovascular disease. We have examined the frequency of the EcoRI and XbaI RFLPs of the apoB gene in 95 white Type 2 diabetic patients aged between 45 and 80 years in order to ascertain whether variation in this gene may be influencing the development of Type 2 diabetes and associated atherosclerosis through obesity. Neither of the two RFLPs had a significant association with clinically defined cardiovascular disease or with body mass index in our sample. However, while XbaI displayed no association with circulating levels of lipids, lipoproteins or apolipoproteins, the presence of the rare (R2) alele of EcoRI (absence of cutting site) was associated with significantly higher levels of circulating triglycerides. Furthermore, the EcoRI R2 allele was over-represented in the diabetic sample when compared to a healthy control group. Our findings support previous studies which have shown an effect of variation at the apoB gene on circulating lipid levels; additionally, variation in this gene may contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Variation in the apolipoprotein B gene and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 168 48

It is now recognized that dietary and other lifestyle or environmental factors are critical for the phenotypic expression of a genetic predisposition to blood pressure (BP) elevation. These environmental factors influence the entire frequency distribution of BPs in any given population, and hence affect the prevalence of hypertension using whatever arbitrary cutoff point is chosen to categorize patients in this way. "Dose-response" relationships with BP have been demonstrated with body fat, alcohol consumption, sodium intake, vegetarian vs. meat-related diets, and physical activity. Possible relationships between these and other "environmental" factors have not yet been fully clarified, although this is of considerable importance for primary prevention of hypertension as well as for specifying advice for individual patients. Knowledge of the extent to which varying dietary or other lifestyle factors operate in different patients is also likely to be necessary for those trying to resolve the nature of the pathophysiological and genetic mechanisms underlying high BP. Finally, several of the factors causing hypertension independently predispose to atherosclerosis, and have compounded the risk of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients.
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PMID:Diet and lifestyle in hypertension: changing perspectives. 170 29

Diabetes mellitus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality caused by the micro- and macro-vascular complications that all too frequently develop during the lifetime of the diabetic patient. In attempts to treat the complications of diabetes, several different treatment strategies have been investigated. The role of tight blood glucose control in the treatment of diabetic vascular complications has recently been challenged, as the existing data in support of this mode of therapy are currently inconclusive. Perhaps more effective in preventing many of the vascular complications is the rigorous treatment of hypertension that frequently accompanies diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the presence of hypertension significantly contributes to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and possibly neuropathy. Preliminary clinical studies demonstrate that the progression of diabetic renal disease can be slowed by vigorous antihypertensive therapy. Among the various antihypertensive agents used to treat the hypertension associated with diabetes mellitus, calcium channel blockers are emerging as one of the agents of first choice. This is because of their very low side effect profile and their absence of detrimental effects on serum lipid levels and glucose tolerance. Calcium channel blockers may be of additional potential benefit to the diabetic patient by slowing the progression of atherosclerosis, reversing the intracellular calcium defects that may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and protecting against the progression of chronic renal disease.
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PMID:The future of calcium channel blocker therapy in diabetes mellitus. 172 50

To date, a range of drugs are available that are generally well tolerated and effective in lowering blood pressure. Although they are successful in reducing stroke, renal failure, and cardiac failure, they have a disappointing and less than expected influence on coronary artery disease and its manifestations. The genetic and environmental factors determining susceptibility to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease are now more clearly defined and interactions between risk factors and protective mechanisms recognized. Drug treatment of hypertension must become a part of the overall approach to prevention of cardiovascular disease and possible health promotion. Dietary and hygienic measures (cessation of smoking and control of alcohol intake) should be combined where necessary with specific treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Future drug treatment must not only be effective and well tolerated but should complement other preventive approaches. In view of the increasing recognition that blood pressure treatment with a single drug is unlikely to be successful in all patients, there is likely to be a role in the future for pharmacologically coherent low-dose combinations of antihypertensive drugs.
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PMID:The treatment of hypertension: a therapeutic philosophy for the 1990s. 172 46

Of the major risk factors for atherosclerosis, high factor VII and fibrinogen levels, genetic predisposition, gender and age cannot be influenced. Reduction of high blood pressure reduces the cerebral but not the coronary vascular risk and correction of dyslipidaemia correlates with cardiovascular risk. Other major risk factors (tobacco consumption, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and diabetes) can also be modified. Aspirin in doses of approximately 300 mg/day may be recommended for the primary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), but only in those patients with a moderate to high risk of cardiovascular disease. Aspirin reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal MI by about 50% and also decreases the overall mortality rate among patients with unstable angina. A lower dose of aspirin (150 mg/day) also reduces mortality by 23% in the acute phase of MI. In doses of 300 mg/day, aspirin is useful in the secondary prevention of MI and reduces the overall mortality rate by 15%. Various antiplatelet agents, including aspirin (alone or combined with dipyridamole) and ticlopidine, have proved useful in the prevention of thrombosis in aorto-coronary grafts, provided treatment begins at the latest 6 hours after surgery. The usefulness of antiplatelet drugs has been well established in the prevention of immediate reocclusion following coronary angioplasty, but not in the prevention of late reocclusion. Aspirin and ticlopidine are also beneficial in extracorporeal circulation techniques. In patients with a synthetic cardiac valve prosthesis, antivitamin K-anticoagulants are still indispensable lifelong, but their antithrombotic effect can be reinforced by dipyridamole or aspirin. Diuretics probably provide the best primary protection against cerebrovascular accidents, although medium doses of aspirin may be considered in elderly people at high risk of such accidents. Aspirin (alone or combined with dipyridamole) and ticlopidine may be recommended for the secondary prevention of cerebral ischaemic accidents. Aspirin (with or without dipyridamole) and ticlopidine reinforce the treatment of obliterative arterial disease in the lower limbs.
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PMID:Risk factors, interventions and therapeutic agents in the prevention of atherosclerosis-related ischaemic diseases. 172 14

Cardiovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in Tshepong Hospital in the western Transvaal, and the most common cause of death in patients older than 35 years. A prospective study was undertaken which included limited necropsies in 90 of the 167 cardiovascular disease deaths over 1 year. A reliable mortality pattern for cardiovascular deaths is described. Additionally, attention is paid to co-existing conditions. Conditions relating to cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, benign hypertensive nephrosclerosis, atherosclerosis and obesity, were also evaluated. Cerebrovascular conditions were found in 32% of cardiovascular deaths. Intracerebral haemorrhage was found in 50% and cerebral infarction in 29% of cases. Fifty-seven per cent of cardiovascular deaths were due to cardiac conditions, the most common being pulmonary hypertension (31%), dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic rheumatic valvular disease (17% each) and hypertensive heart disease (14%). Forty-nine per cent of subjects were hypertensive, while 40% exhibited benign nephrosclerosis and only 3% of the examined vessels had signs of severe atherosclerosis. Tuberculosis was present in 13% of cases. The clinical diagnosis was the same as the final necropsy diagnosis in 38% of cases. These results emphasise the importance of performing necropsies to obtain reliable mortality statistics.
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PMID:Cardiovascular causes of death at Tshepong Hospital in 1 year, 1989-1990. A necropsy study. 173 52


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