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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective study of autopsy-determined measures of atherosclerosis in aortas and coronary and cerebral arteries was completed for a group of 83 men who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease and cancer when they entered the Cooperative Lipoprotein Phenotyping Study in 1970. Total cholesterol minus high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly associated with measures of atherosclerosis in all three groups of vessels. The patterns of associations for total, low density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol were similar but generally weaker and not significant for atherosclerosis in the cerebral arteries. Inverse associations of HDL-C with atherosclerosis in the circle of Willis and aorta were significant, but those for the coronary arteries were not. These associations were independent of other major risk factors for atherosclerosis in multivariate analyses. Similarities between these findings and those for clinical cardiovascular disease in the same cohort indicate that the opposing patterns of increased risk of clinical cardiovascular disease associated with total cholesterol and the decreased risk associated with HDL-C also exists at the level of atherosclerosis in a variety of arteries.
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PMID:Serum lipids and lipoproteins as predictors of atherosclerosis. An autopsy study. 275 83

In order to evaluate the late results of reconstructive surgery for renovascular hypertension, a review was made on a series of 120 consecutive patients who underwent operations over a 11 year period. There were 82 males (68.3%) and 38 females (31.7%) with a mean age of 48.4 years. Renal artery by-pass grafts were used in 90% (120/133), a thromboendarterectomy in 5.2% (7/133), and other surgical procedures were performed in 4.8% (6/133). Associated vascular procedures were performed in 38.3% (46/120) of patients. Operative mortality was 2.5% (3/120) overall; there was no mortality in the isolated renal artery reconstructions. There was a clinical success (after a mean follow-up of 48 months) in 80.4% of patients. The most important factors influencing clinical result after renal revascularization were: a generalized atherosclerosis (p less than 0.05), duration of hypertension (p less than 0.01) and the early post-operative response of the blood pressure (p less than 0.01). The overall five- and ten-year actuarial survival probabilities were 85 and 68%, respectively. The most common causes of death were myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer. Cox regression analysis for variables influencing survival indicated that persistence of severe hypertension was the major determinant of late survival (p less than 0.05). Hypertension in females is better tolerated, while younger patients appear to have better results and late survival after surgical treatment.
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PMID:Late results of reconstructive surgery for renovascular hypertension. 280 35

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous steroid that blocks carcinogenesis, retards aging, and exerts antiproliferative properties. In vitro, it is a potent inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the first committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway. In man, serum levels of DHEA and its sulfate peak in early adulthood and drop markedly with age. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that low levels of DHEA or its sulfate conjugate are linked to an increased risk of developing cancer or of death from cardiovascular disease. Like cancer, atherosclerosis is a proliferative process characterized by both initiation and promotion phases. This similarity provided a framework in which to study the antiatherogenic effects of DHEA. Rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups. Two groups of rabbits received aortic endothelial injury by balloon catheter and were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 12 wk. DHEA, 0.5%, was incorporated into the diet of one group receiving the 2% cholesterol diet and endothelial injury and also into the diet of one of the control groups. Animals were killed after 12 wk and aortas, hearts, and livers were studied. Plasma samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, DHEA, and DHEA-sulfate levels. The atherogenic insult resulted in severe atherosclerosis in animals not treated with DHEA. In those receiving DHEA there was an almost 50% reduction in plaque size (P = 0.006), inversely related to the serum level of DHEA attained. Fatty infiltration of the heart and liver were also markedly reduced. These beneficial actions were not attributable to differences in body weight gain, food intake, total plasma cholesterol or distribution of cholesterol among the VLDL, LDL, or HDL fractions. The results show that high levels of plasma DHEA inhibit the development of atherosclerosis and they provide an important experimental link to the epidemiologic studies correlating low DHEA-sulfate plasma levels with an enhanced risk of cardiovascular mortality.
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PMID:Reduction of atherosclerosis by administration of dehydroepiandrosterone. A study in the hypercholesterolemic New Zealand white rabbit with aortic intimal injury. 296 22

Examinations have been carried out on 83 cancer patients (aged 34-72), 24 patients with atherosclerosis (aged 38-68) and 34 healthy persons (aged 20-69). The cAMP concentration decrease with age in lymphocytes of healthy persons is confirmed. This index in patients with lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma in remission and in patients with atherosclerosis was identical with that of healthy persons, but in patients with breast and corpus uteri carcinomas without metastases it was higher than in healthy persons of the similar age. The amount of cAMP in lymphocytes is compared with the magnitude of the blast transformation and with the amount of cholesterol in blood and lymphocytes in examined persons. The cAMP level in lymphocytes is observed to increase in the process of hyperlipidemia disappearance in cancer patients and in those with atherosclerosis.
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PMID:[Cyclic adenosine monophosphate content in the lymphocytes of cancer patients]. 299 25

Dietary fiber has been, for several years, the glamour ingredient in popular nutrition. Based on epidemiological evidence, lack of fiber in the diet has been impugned as a major risk factor for development of colon cancer, heart disease, diabetes and a variety of lesser ills. Animal experiments suggest that some components of the complex mixture of substances called fiber will reduce cholesterol levels to a modest extent and will inhibit atherosclerosis induced by diet. In man the data center on the effects of fiber on plasma cholesterol levels and some fibers such as pectin or guar exert significant hypocholesterolemic effects whereas others, such as bran, do not. The situation is similar with regard to colon cancer. Some types of fiber, bran and cellulose for instance, inhibit experimentally induced colon cancer. There are a number of ways of establishing experimental colon cancer; feeding the carcinogenic agent, injecting it, or instilling it intrarectally. There also exists a variety of carcinogenic agents. The effect of fiber is the sum of the type of fiber and carcinogen used and the mode of establishing the cancer. Different combinations give different results in animal studies. In man the data bearing on this subject are wholly epidemiological. A few case-control studies have provided suggestions that low fiber diets may predispose to colon cancer but these studies point to a dietary life-style in which many components other than fiber vary. The most notable success in wedding practice to hypothesis has been in the area of diabetes. Here it has been shown clearly that increasing dietary fiber results in reductions in lipemia, glycemia and insulin requirement. What remains? More work in the cancer and heart disease fields but mainly a greater effort to identify the specific structure of those fibers which exert a beneficial effect. This will have the two-fold benefit of identification of specifically useful structural types of fiber and of possibly providing clues to mechanism of action or of carcinogenicity. Most experts agree that a modest increase in intake of fiber will have a generally beneficial effect but they can only support these statements with epidemiological proof. Future research must include studies designed to confirm the epidemiological findings and to identify the specific components responsible for them.
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PMID:The role of dietary fiber in health and disease. 301 64

Receptors for insulin, low-density lipoprotein, and colony stimulating factor 1 are associated with diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer in man. Complementary DNA clones for Insr, Ldlr, and Csfmr were used to chromosomally assign the three genes in mouse. In contrast to their close linkage on the short arm of human Chromosome 19, Insr and Ldlr are asyntenic, residing on mouse Chromosomes 8 and 9, respectively. The genes for CSF1R, CSF1, CSF2, IL-3, and IL-5 form a cluster on the long arm of human Chromosome 5. In mouse, Csfm, Csfgm, and IL-3 are syntenic on Chromosome 11. The Csfmr gene was assigned to mouse Chromosome 18 and is thus unlinked to other members of this gene cluster. These gene assignments provide additional topographical information on conservation of linkage groups in man and mouse and provide a genetic framework for evaluating the possible roles for the three receptor genes in genetic diseases in mouse.
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PMID:Chromosome assignment of mouse insulin, colony stimulating factor 1, and low-density lipoprotein receptors. 306 42

Aging is the progressive accumulation of changes with time that are responsible for the ever-increasing likelihood of disease and death. These irreversible changes are attributed to the aging process. This process is now the major cause of death in the developed countries. This fact is obscured by the protean nature of the contributions of this process to the events which terminate life. The aging process may be due to free radical reactions. This theory is supported by: 1) studies on the origin and evolution of life; 2) the numerous studies of the effect of ionizing radiation on living systems; 3) life span experiments in which the diet was modified so as to alter endogenous free radical reaction levels; 4) the plausible explanations it provides for aging phenomena; and 5) the growing number of studies which implicate free radical reactions in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. The relationship between aging and diseases involving free radical reactions seems to be a direct one. Modulation of the normal distribution of deleterious free radical reaction-induced changes throughout the body by genetic and environmental differences between individuals results in patterns of change, in some sufficiently different from the normal aging pattern to be recognized as disease. The growing number of 'free radical' diseases includes the two major causes of death, cancer and atherosclerosis. It is reasonable to expect on the basis of present data that a judicious selection of diets and antioxidant supplements will increase the healthy, active life span by 5-10 or more years.
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PMID:Free radicals in aging. 306 21

One hundred consecutive patients aged up to 75 with newly diagnosed cancer of the prostate suitable for hormonal treatment were included in a controlled study of the cardiovascular effects of oestrogen versus orchidectomy. In all cases pre-existing cardiovascular morbidity was excluded. Of the 100 patients, 91 were strictly randomised to receive either oestrogen (n = 47) or orchidectomy (n = 44) and 9 (6 given oestrogen, 3 orchidectomy) either chose their own treatment (five cases) or had it selected for them by the urologist (four). Oestrogen was given in the lowest recommended dosage in Sweden--namely, as 160 mg polyestradiol phosphate intramuscularly every month for the first three months, then 80 mg monthly, plus ethinyloestradiol 1 mg by mouth daily for the first two weeks, then 150 micrograms daily. At entry to the study the two treatment groups showed no difference in demographic characteristics or conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. During the first year, however, 13 (25%) of the patients given oestrogen suffered major cardiovascular events as compared with none of the patients after orchidectomy. Patients in the oestrogen treatment group who did not have minor signs of atherosclerosis at entry to the study suffered a similar incidence of cardiovascular complications to those who did have these signs at entry. The substantially increased risk of cardiovascular complications in patients given oestrogen for prostatic cancer warrants careful consideration when choosing treatment for this disorder.
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PMID:Orchidectomy versus oestrogen for prostatic cancer: cardiovascular effects. 309 Nov 38

The clinical manifestations, predisposing factors, and diagnostic approach to 29 young men and 35 elderly men with pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to a Veterans Administration hospital were compared. Elderly men had a higher number of underlying conditions such as atherosclerosis, previous gastrectomy, and malignancy, whereas alcoholism was more prevalent in the younger group. The classic symptoms and signs of tuberculosis were noted in a significantly higher proportion of the younger group: fever (62 percent versus 31 percent), weight loss (76 percent versus 34 percent), night sweats (48 percent versus 6 percent), sputum production (76 percent versus 48 percent), and hemoptysis (40 percent versus 17 percent) (p less than 0.05). Abnormal mentation was more common in the elderly group (31 percent versus 10 percent) (p less than 0.05). Radiographic findings were similar in both groups. Mortality related to tuberculosis was 20 percent in elderly men versus 3 percent in the younger men (p less than 0.05). Tuberculosis is frequently not considered in the differential diagnosis when elderly patients present with multiple medical problems and nonspecific complaints. Since there are differences in the clinical presentation and the outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly patients, a high index of suspicion for the disease should be maintained.
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PMID:Pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly men. 310 41

As a contribution to the formulation of food guidelines and nutritional goals for Latin America, this article examines the singular situation of the elderly, defined as those persons over 60 years of age. The projected data for the year 2025, published by the Population Department of the United Nations, show that this age group represents an important sector--6.4% of the population in 1980--that is growing. Some countries, however, do have a rate that is comparable to the United States, 11.3%, such as Argentina, 12.7%, and Uruguay, 14.8%, which is similar to that of Europe. Along with other comparative demographic information, the analysis covers some of the biological, physiological, pathological, and psychosocial characteristics that become more common in senescence. To a certain extent, these characteristics bear a direct or indirect relationship with the energy, protein, and nutrient content of the diet. This becomes more evident upon examining the causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly, whose diseases are quite often chronic and degenerative. Those with the highest incidence, such as the cardiovascular ones--including cerebrovascular accidents, atherosclerosis, and hypertension--diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, anemias from lack of iron and folates, and some forms of cancer, reveal the influence of certain nutrients in their pathogenesis. Very few studies have been done on the over-70 age group to determine their requirements for energy, proteins, and various nutrients that serve as the basis for appropriate food guidelines. Usually, estimates are extrapolated from data on the 40-and-over age group. Some maintain that the variations for the elderly are small, but since this group is growing and is far from homogeneous, such a hypothesis must be tested. Following a review of recent literature, the article proposes a set of Food Guidelines and Nutritional Goals for persons over 60 in Latin America. It also recommends to countries interested in formulating their own guidelines how to proceed for the short, medium, and long terms. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the elderly are the most neglected group with reference to government programs, and most forgotten by society. They depend to a great extent on the labor force of each country. They suffer most frequently from chronic diseases and have the most need for medical care, they use a broad range of drugs that may interfere with the absorption and utilization of nutrients, as well as foods when may impair the bioavailability of drugs. They show the highest mortality rates, and, in a high proportion, require a normal diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Food guidelines and nutritional goals for aging]. 315 33


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