Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between August 1980 and October 1990 we treated 36 patients with home total parenteral nutrition (HTPN) with a cumulative treatment duration of 92 years. They included 14 females and 22 males ranging in age from newborn to 75 years, with a mean of 38 +/- 21. The 4 commonest indications for HTPN were short bowel syndrome (mainly due to mesenteric occlusion (50%), inflammatory bowel disease 14%), motility disorders (14%) and malabsorption (11%). All-in-one nutritional mixtures utilizing the big-bag technique were used for all patients. Broviac or Hickman catheters were implanted in 35 patients and an infusion port in 2. Infusions were administered during the night for 8-12 hours with a volumetric pump. 14 patients are still receiving HTPN (39%) while in 8 it was discontinued as they can maintain their nutritional status by the gastrointestinal route (22%). 14 patients have died (39%), 3 from HTPN-related causes (2 of sepsis and 1 of liver failure). Catheter-related sepsis was 0.42/year of HTPN. Other common complications were metabolic bone disease, deranged liver function and cholecystolithiasis. 80% were able to return to work, school, or housekeeping activities, or at least to take care of themselves and cope with HTPN unaided. Social rehabilitation was full or partial in 72% and only 29% were house-bound and needed major assistance. Patients with a poor life quality tended to be older and suffer from intestinal diseases as a manifestation of a systemic disorder, such as atherosclerosis or malignancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A decade of experience with home total parenteral nutrition]. 180 Feb 76

A highly sensitive, simple and reliable one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the gamma-carboxylated form of osteocalcin (Gla-OC) has been developed using a monoclonal antibody. The minimum amount of Gla-OC detected by this EIA was approximately 0.2 ng/ml when a 10 microliter aliquot of the sample was used. The serum Gla-OC level in 30 healthy subjects was 3.6 +/- 2.19 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). A significant increase was seen in patients with chronic renal failure (20.3 +/- 4.60 ng/ml), atherosclerosis (8.3 +/- 4.94 ng/ml) and osteoporosis (10.1 +/- 4.60 ng/ml). The correlation between the values obtained by the sandwich EIA and competitive RIA methods was given by the linear regression equation, y = 2.896 + 0.759 chi, for which the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.815 (n = 58). This newly developed Gla-OC specific EIA may be useful for the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease and ectopic calcification.
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PMID:A one step sandwich enzyme immunoassay for gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin using monoclonal antibodies. 204 Aug 14

Changes in our understanding of diet and health drive changes in the way foods are processed. Conversely, what is available on the shelf will have an impact on the choices consumers make, thereby affecting their health. Historical examples of industrial manipulation of the diet include fortification and enrichment of cereal grains with vitamins; increased production of unsaturated vegetable oils and margarine as substitutions for hydrogenated fat, lard, and butter; lowered cholesterol content foods; reduced sugar content foods; lower sodium foods; decreased portion sizes or caloric density in prepackaged foods for use in weight loss or maintenance; and increased calcium levels to prevent osteoporosis. However, degenerative diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, bone disease, arthritis, and dementia will continue to be prevalent in the future. Whether or not the food systems available on the shelf can influence all of these disease states is not clear; however, studies have indicated that nutritional factors do contribute to the development of some of these diseases. Patterns in food consumption have changed and will continue to change as recommendations such as decreased consumption of saturated fats, salt, and cholesterol continue to be made. Increased ingestion of fish and/or fish oil is one recommendation that has been suggested because of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on platelet aggregability and circulating levels of lipids. Wildly speculating from preliminary studies, fish oil has also been recommended for disease states including arthritis, cancer, and diseases of the immune system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Food systems: the relationship between health and food science/technology. 240 Dec 59

Cardiovascular motality is high in patients with chronic renal failure treated with dialysis, and secondary hyperparathyroidism may promote atherosclerogenesis. Recent studies have revealed advanced atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients by using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Multiple regression analyses indicated that hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism were associated with increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid and femoral arteries in hemodialysis patients, respectively. Hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism independently and adversely affect the lipoprotein profile by suppressing hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL), a lipid-regulating enzyme playing important roles in the metabolism of intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Plasma IDL is raised markedly, and HDL is lowered in uremia. These lipoprotein changes are closely associated with increased aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), an index of aortic sclerosis. These findings support the hypothesis that deranged calcium-phosphate homeostasis and secondary hyperparathyroidism promote atherosclerosis in uremia, at least partly by affecting lipoprotein metabolism. Adequate dialysis and efforts to normalize calcium, phosphate and PTH would be beneficial in preventing not only bone disease, but atherosclerosis as well.
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PMID:Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation. 935 Jun 91

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of many toxins and enzymes which effectively immobilize prey without a struggle and assist in digestion. Certain animals have a remarkable resistance to envenomation of snakes. Naturally occurring factors that neutralize snake venoms have been found in the sera of most snakes and a few warm-blooded animals. These antihemorrhagic and antineurotoxic factors have been purified from snake and mammalian sera. The antihemorrhagins are not immunoglobulins since they have different physical and chemical characteristics. The natural immunity to hemorrhagins is the result of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) found in animal sera of resistant animals. Most animals have matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and TIMP that are implicated in a wide variety of normal physiological processes and pathological conditions. MMP in animals have many biological functions in embryogenesis, morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. MMP activities are precisely regulated by endogenous TIMP. Disruption of the balance between MMP and TIMP causes various diseases such as arthritis, periodontal diseases, diabetes, ophthalmologic conditions, neoplasia, metabolic bone disease, atherosclerosis and orthopedic conditions. Resistant animals that have a high titer of TIMP would have a survival advantage when bitten by poisonous snakes. Snake venoms are abundant and stable sources of MMP which are medically important. The venom MMP which cause unregulated destruction of tissue have sequences which have some degree of homology with mammalian MMP which control normal biological processes. Resistant animals are important sources of TIMP which can be used to study metalloproteinase related diseases. For these reasons the MMP in snakes and TIMP in resistant animal are excellent candidates for developing new drug therapies.
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PMID:Natural protease inhibitors to hemorrhagins in snake venoms and their potential use in medicine. 1021 84

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. A low peak bone mass is regarded a risk factor for osteoporosis. Heredity, physical activity, and nutrition are regarded important measures for the observed variance in peak bone mass. Lp(a) lipoprotein is a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been found to be increased in males with early cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the association between bone mass, body constitution, muscle strength, Lp(a), and IGF-I in 47 Caucasian male adolescents (mean age, 16.9 yr). Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength of thigh using an isokinetic dynamometer, IGF-I by RIA, and Lp(a) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IGF-I was only associated with Lp(a) (r = 0.38, P < 0.01). Lp(a) was related to total body (r = 0.40, P < 0.01), skull (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), and femoral neck BMD (r = 0.44, P < 0.01). Lp(a) was also related to fat mass (r = 0.34, P < 0.05) and muscle strength (r = 0.30-0.42, P < 0.05). After multiple regression and principal component (PC) analysis, the so-called PC body size (weight, fat mass, lean body mass, and muscle strength) was the most significant predictor of BMD (beta = 0.28-0.51, P < 0.05-0.01), followed by the so-called PC physical activity (beta = 0.28-0.38, P < 0.05-0.01, weight-bearing locations). However, the PC analysis confirmed that Lp(a) was an independent predictor of total body, skull, and femoral neck BMD (beta = 0.33-0.36, P < 0.01). The present investigation confirms that BMD, body size, and muscle strength are closely related and that the level of physical activity is a major determinant of BMD. However, the positive relation of Lp(a), a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, to BMD has not previously been described. The importance of this observation has to be further investigated.
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PMID:The relation between bone mineral density, insulin-like growth factor I, lipoprotein (a), body composition, and muscle strength in adolescent males. 1048 59

Atherosclerotic heart disease and osteoporosis are both diseases of old age. Evidence is accumulating for a link between vascular and bone disease. Calcification is a common feature of atherosclerotic plaques, and osteoporosis is associated with both atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. However, the relationship of vascular calcification to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains incompletely understood. Hormone replacement therapy has beneficial effects in the prevention of both atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and are used in the treatment of osteoporosis, whereas the statins inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and are used for the treatment of atherosclerosis. We have reviewed recent advances in the knowledge of the actions of bisphosphonates and statins at the cellular, molecular and end-organ levels in order to examine the relationship between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis and to explore the link between lipids and bones. These studies suggest that the mechanism of actions of these two classes of drugs at the cellular level may not be mutually exclusive. There are some early clinical data to complement these findings, suggesting that statins increase bone density and bisphosphonates may have a beneficial effect in vivo on plasma lipid levels and on the atherosclerotic process. Properly designed prospective studies that examine the effect of statins on bone density and fractures, as well as the effects of bisphosphonates on lipid profiles, atherosclerotic progression and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are needed to define clearly the clinical effects and potential new roles for these agents.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis: is there a link between lipids and bone? 1203 94

The successful use of renal replacement therapy has resulted in longer survival and a population of older patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that includes patients with other significant preexisting illnesses. In this review, we analyze the short-term and long-term outcomes associated to persisting hypogonadism in CKD patients. The short-term manifestations, commonly observed in normal postmenopausal women, are either a rare complaint of women with CKD or are frequently attributed to the uremic state. These symptoms include hot flashes, sleep disturbances and depression, sexual dysfunction, vaginal dryness and atrophy, urinary incontinence, and skin aging and wrinkling. The long-term outcomes of hypogonadism have potentially devastating effects on bone, cardiovascular system, and cognitive function, which could significantly alter the quality of life and survival of women with stage 5 CKD (CKD-5). Postmenopausal osteoporosis has been recognized as an important entity associated with renal osteodystrophy, and efforts have begun to tackle the reduced bone-mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture rate seen in this population. Similarly, cardiovascular disease represents the major cause of death in the CKD-5 population, with a 10 to 20 times greater mortality than in the general population. The accumulating evidence for a possible link between osteoporosis and atherosclerosis is discussed, as well as new directions in the understanding of postmenopausal osteoporosis in the context of renal bone disease, under the guidance of the Global Bone and Mineral Initiative endorsed by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes initiative. Nephrologists must face gynecological issues with their women patients and design interdisciplinary clinical studies that include strategies that utilize well-tested and newer drug regimens in the management of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and other postmenopausal manifestations in CKD-5 patients.
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PMID:Outcomes associated with hypogonadism in women with chronic kidney disease. 1549 73

Extraosseus calcification has plagued management of renal failure since the beginning of hemodialysis, but the issue has largely been neglected because the impact on survival was thought to be limited. The recent recognition that hyperphosphatemia is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality, and particularly of cardiac mortality, has transformed the situation. Relatively stringent, though difficult to implement, guidelines have been proposed for the management of hyperphosphatemia. Important recent insights document that, for different reasons, both high and low turnover of bone disease increase the risk of vascular calcifications. Vascular calcification impacts cardiac death not only by complicating coronary atherosclerosis, but also by increasing the stiffness of central arteries, impacting on heart function (increased impedance, reduced coronary perfusion). While in the past extraosseous calcification, including vascular calcification, was thought to be a passive process resulting from transgression of a critical Ca x P product, recent studies show that the adverse effect of hyperphosphatemia is also mediated by active processes (e.g., induction of "osteogenic" genetic programs), and is modulated by calcification inhibitors.
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PMID:Calcification and cardiovascular problems in renal failure. 1575 28

An increasingly vast set of data is linking the process of vascular calcification to the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. This phenomenon is already relatively well understood in renal failure patients. A similar phenomenon, however, could be taking place in the general population. This may indicate a need for a reassessment of calcium supplementation, including the ingestion of milk, not only in dialysis patients, but also in patients with preserved renal function. Given the fact that no clear prospective randomized evidence exists to show what may be the impact on prognosis of patients with atherosclerosis, caused by the ingestion of milk and milk derivatives, containing calcium and lactose, as is currently recommended to prevent bone disease in the general population, a case could be made to recommend restriction of such dietary products in atherosclerosis patients, until precise data have been obtained, in controlled, prospective studies, and especially so in patients with no evidence of osteoporosis. Such a case would not be a strong one at the present stage, but neither would be the opposite view. The recommendation that could be made at this stage would be that patients with significant atherosclerotic disease should be informed that the ingestion of milk, and calcium supplementation in general, has neither been conclusively proven to be safe, nor the opposite.
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PMID:The case for dietary calcium restriction in patients with atherosclerosis. 1590 41


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