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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A transient physiologic period similar to that in women leads from full sexuality to senium in the life of men, too. This phase may involve the complex of male climacteric symptoms. The diminished testosterone secretion of the testes as endocrine "primum movens", together with an increased level of the carrier protein (SHBG), results in a reduced androgen supply of the organism, as reflected in a low free andorgenic index. The diagnosis of male climacteric is made on the basis of an enhanced serum LH level. With regard to the differential diagnosis, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholic liver damage, malignant tumors and prostatic complaints are particularly to be considered. The hormonal treatment consists of low-dose testosterone medication; for the prevention of osteoporosis, however, testosterone preparations may be replaced by anabolic steroids. As for women, the concomitant vegetative phenomena of the climacteric syndrome should be alleviated symptomatically.
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PMID:[The male climacteric from the practical viewpoint]. 161 75

It appears that the self-administration of testosterone and anabolic steroids is increasingly practiced by women in sports where strength and endurance are important. We recently evaluated endocrine parameters in nine female weight lifters using steroids and seven not using these agents. Of the nine anabolic steroid users, seven took multiple anabolic steroids simultaneously. Thirty-fold elevations of serum testosterone were noted in the women injecting testosterone. In three of these women serum testosterone levels exceeded the upper limits for normal male testosterone concentrations. A significant compensatory decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin and a decrease in thyroid-binding proteins were noted in the women steroid users. Also, a 39% decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was noted in the steroid-using weight lifters. Most of the subjects in this study used anabolic steroids continuously, which raises concern about premature atherosclerosis and other disease processes developing in these women.
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PMID:Endocrine effects in female weight lifters who self-administer testosterone and anabolic steroids. 183 65

The independent associations between overall obesity, body fat distribution, lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, blood pressure and some hormonal factors (sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and fasting insulin) were cross-sectionally examined in 205 French working women. After adjustment for age, overall adiposity assessed by body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with most metabolic parameters, whereas regional adiposity assessed by the waist-hip ratio (WHR) was significantly associated only with triglyceride, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Blood pressure, glucose but not triglyceride, were also negatively and significantly correlated with SHBG and positively with fasting insulin. Negative independent associations were found between SHBG and both BMI and WHR, whereas CBG was positively associated only with WHR. Fasting insulin was no longer related to WHR after adjustment for BMI. After controlling for the effect of SHBG or insulin, the associations between triglyceride, blood pressure and both BMI and WHR were not substantially modified. After adjustment for BMI and WHR, fasting insulin was independently associated with both HDL cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, in these French women, hormonal factors under study appeared to have little influence on the relationships between body fatness, body fat distribution, metabolic variables and blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis 1990 Dec
PMID:Hormonal influences on the relationships between body fatness, body fat distribution, lipids, lipoproteins, glucose and blood pressure in French working women. 210 82

Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) androstenedione, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfraction were measured in 32 men aged 26-40 years after myocardial infarction (MI) suffered at least 3-4 months prior to the study, who were normocholesterolemic and had angiographically demonstrated coronary occlusion. The control group consisted of 76 healthy men aged 25-40 years. Blood samples were obtained in the morning from fasting subjects. A significant decrease in plasma DHEA-S and DHT levels were found in MI patients. Also, a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol, HDL2-cholesterol (HDL2-C) and apolipoprotein A-I, an increase in apolipoprotein B and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were observed in those patients as compared with healthy men. However, there were no differences in testosterone, androstenedione and SHBG concentrations between the groups. Significant correlations between testosterone and HDL2-C (r = 0.46, P less than 0.01), as well as between DHEA-S and HDL3-C (r = 0.39, P less than 0.05) levels in MI patients were observed. These results suggest that decreased levels of plasma DHEA-S and DHT may promote the development of coronary atherosclerosis in men.
Atherosclerosis 1989 Oct
PMID:Decreased plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dihydrotestosterone concentrations in young men after myocardial infarction. 253 16

The combination hormonal contraceptive has been effectively used since 1956. Current developments in hormonal contraception involve efforts to make the pill safer by reducing both estrogen and progestogen content. Publications of a few years ago pointed out that the pill was hazardous to health (hypertension) and could cause life-threatening complications in the form of thromboembolic accidents (ischemic heart disease and stroke). This risk increased with cigarette smoking. Lowering of the estrogen content (less than 50 mcg) lessened the risk of thromboembolism and lowering of the progestogen component (150 mcg levonorgestrel) led to the conclusion that further modification of the pill's composition was no longer necessary. The 1981 follow-up study by the Royal College of General Practitioners reversed some of the earlier conclusions about the risks of hormonal contraceptives. New research on the effects of steroids on lipid metabolism found that estrogen increased and progestogen decreased the serum HDL-cholesterol level; the latter has a beneficial effect in preventing atherosclerosis. The androgen effect of the progestogen component is thought to lie in its capacity to bind to sex hormone-binding globulin and steroid receptors. New research and publicity are based on the fact that desogestrel (3-ketodesogestrel) has no androgenic side effects, hence is used as the progestogen in the combination pill. Side effects of pill use can be classified as follows: 1) effects occurring within weeks to months: cardiovascular disorders, acne, weight increase; lowering of estrogen dosage in pill will decrease risk; 2) effects occurring within months to years: IHD and CVA; lowering progestogen dosage and stop smoking cigarettes will reduce risk; and 3) effects occurring from years to decades: possible carcinogenic effect; lowering of estrogen and progestogen dosage is recommended plus careful individual prescription.
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PMID:[Current developments in hormonal contraception]. 717 11

Sex hormones may play a role in the determination of cardiovascular disease. Recently lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) has been recognized as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Estrogens and anabolic steroids have been reported to alter Lp(a) levels, yet no data are available on the association between in vivo concentrations of sex hormones and Lp(a) concentrations. We examined the possible associations of sex hormone-binding globulin, total and free testosterone, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to Lp(a) concentrations in men in two population-based studies (San Antonio Heart Study [n = 178] and a Finnish study on the association between insulin resistance and atherosclerosis [n = 87]). In neither study were sex hormones significantly related to Lp(a) concentrations. In addition, Lp(a) was significantly related to apolipoprotein(a) molecular weight (which was measured in the Finnish study only). These results were unchanged when Lp(a) concentrations were adjusted for apolipoprotein(a) molecular weight (a strong correlate of Lp[a] concentrations). We conclude that in vivo concentrations of sex hormones are unlikely to be associated with Lp(a) concentrations in men.
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PMID:Lack of association between sex hormones and Lp(a) concentrations in American and Finnish men. 827 74

We investigated the effects of long-term testosterone replacement in hypogonadal and elderly men on lipids and lipoproteins. Twenty-two men with initial serum testosterone concentrations below 3.5 ng/ml took part in the study: 11 with hypopituitarism (1st group) and 11 otherwise healthy elderly men with low testosterone levels (2nd group). Testosterone deficiency was replaced by intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate 200 mg every second week. Plasma levels of sex hormones, gonadotropins, SHBG, lipids and lipoproteins were determined before the treatment and after 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. During the treatment serum testosterone and estradiol increased significantly, reaching normal levels. This was associated with a decrease in total cholesterol (from 225 +/- 16.9 mg/dl to 202 +/- 13.6 mg/dl after 6 months and 198 +/- 12.8 mg/dl after 1 year of testosterone administration, P < 0.0001 in men with hypoandrogenism associated with aging and from 255 +/- 12.1 mg/dl to 214 +/- 10.6 mg/dl after 6 months and 206 +/- 9 mg/dl after 1 year of treatment, P < 0.0001 in men with hypopituitarism) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (from 139 +/- 12.5 mg/dl to 126 +/- 10.7 mg/dl after 6 months and 118 +/- 9.8 mg/dl after 1 year of testosterone administration, P < 0.0001 in men with hypoandrogenism associated with aging and from 178 +/- 10.3 mg/dl to 149 +/- 10.2 mg/dl after 6 months and 140 +/- 7.3 mg/dl after 1 year of treatment, P < 0.001 in men with hypopituitarism). However, no significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol levels or HDL2- and HDL3-cholesterol subfractions was observed. The effects of testosterone replacement therapy on lipids and lipoproteins were similar in both groups with different aetiology of hypogonadism. No side effects on the prostate were observed. The results of this study indicate that testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal and elderly men may have a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism through decreasing total cholesterol and atherogenic fraction of LDL-cholesterol without significant alterations in HDL-cholesterol levels or its subfractions HDL2-C and HDL3-C.
Atherosclerosis 1996 Mar
PMID:Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on lipids and lipoproteins in hypogonadal and elderly men. 867 22

Previous studies have shown that the inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, is due largely to the effects of shared genes. HDL-C and TG are also known to be related to endogenous sex hormone levels, however the nature of the relationships is unclear. The objective of this study is to ascertain the extent to which these relationships are determined by shared genes. We conducted a multivariate quantitative genetic analysis of HDL-C, TG, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in 635 people from 27 pedigrees participating in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Heritabilities (h2) and genetic and environmental correlations (rho G and rho E) were estimated simultaneously by maximum likelihood methods. All four traits showed significant (P < 0.05) heritabilities: h2HDL-C = 0.38, h2TG = 0.54, h2DHEAS = 0.43, h2SHBG = 0.26. Significant genetic correlations were detected between HDL and each of the other traits: rho G(HDL-TG) = -0.56, rho G(HDL-DHEAS) = 0.23 and rho G(HDL-SHBG) = -0.56. However, there were no significant genetic correlations between TG and either measure of sex hormones. Thus, at least three separate groups of genes influence HDL-C levels in Mexican Americans: one group that has pleiotropic effects on HDL and TG, one group influences both HDL-C and SHBG and a third influences both HDL-C and DHEAS.
Atherosclerosis 1996 Apr 26
PMID:Genetic correlations between lipoprotein phenotypes and indicators of sex hormone levels in Mexican Americans. 872 18

Although sex hormones appear to be importantly involved in the development of coronary heart disease, apparently no study has yet reported an alteration in an endogenous sex hormone level in relation to coronary heart disease in women. In an attempt to determine whether any sex hormone abnormality might be a factor in the development of myocardial infarction in women, estradiol and testosterone, as well as sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and risk factors for myocardial infarction, were measured in relation to the degree of coronary artery disease (CAD) in 60 postmenopausal women undergoing coronary angiography. In a multiple-regression analysis with the degree of CAD as the dependent variable and free testosterone (FT), estradiol, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, and insulin as independent variables in the model, only FT (P < .008) and cholesterol (P = .01) were significantly related to the degree of CAD, both positively. To exclude a possible confounding effect due to prior myocardial infarction, the multiple-regression analysis was repeated for the subgroup of 49 patients remaining after excluding the 11 patients who had ever had a myocardial infarction; again only FT (P < .04) and cholesterol (P = .05) were significantly related to the degree of CAD. Neither total testosterone in place of FT nor HDL cholesterol in place of total cholesterol in the model was significantly related to CAD. Sex hormone-binding globulin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, added individually to the model, showed no significant relationship to CAD. These results raise the possibility that in women an elevated FT level may be a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Relationship between serum sex hormones and coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. 910 82

Excess visceral adipose tissue (AT) and hyperinsulinemia are important correlates of an altered lipoprotein profile. It has also been reported that testosterone, adrenal C19 steroids and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations are associated with plasma lipoprotein levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contributions of endogenous steroid hormone and SHBG levels, of visceral AT accumulation measured by computed tomography, and of fasting insulin and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations to the variation of plasma lipoprotein levels in men. For this purpose, plasma concentrations of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstene-3beta,17beta-diol (delta5-DIOL), androstenedione (delta4-DIONE), estrone and estradiol, as well as SHBG levels were determined in a sample of 76 men covering a wide range of body fatness values. Higher testosterone levels were associated with a more favorable lipoprotein profile as it showed significant correlations with triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (r= -0.25, -0.25 and -0.27, respectively; P < 0.05). Higher plasma adrenal C19 steroid levels were also associated with a favorable lipoprotein profile as DHEA, delta4-DIONE and delta5-DIOL levels were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (r = -0.24, -0.33 and -0.24, respectively; P < 0.05) and LDL-C (r = -0.23, -0.31 and -0.28, respectively; P < 0.05). SHBG levels were negatively correlated with TG concentrations (r = -0.33; P < 0.005) whereas delta5-DIOL, testosterone and SHBG were negatively correlated with apolipoprotein B levels (-0.32 < or = r < or = -0.43; P < 0.005). Statistical adjustment for visceral AT area, fasting insulin, fasting free fatty acid (FFA) levels and total body fat mass eliminated most of the correlations between steroid and lipoprotein levels, while SHBG remained significantly correlated with lipoprotein concentrations after such adjustments. Multivariate analyses revealed that SHBG, delta4-DIONE, delta5-DIOL and metabolic variables all contributed to the variance in plasma lipoprotein concentrations (from 10 to 29% of explained variance). Visceral AT, fasting FFA and insulin levels as well as SHBG concentrations appeared to be independent correlates of lipoprotein concentrations. Thus, metabolic and anthropometric variables examined in the present study could have represented important confounding factors in previous studies which have examined the relationship of steroid hormones to plasma lipoprotein concentrations.
Atherosclerosis 1997 Sep
PMID:Relationships between endogenous steroid hormone, sex hormone-binding globulin and lipoprotein levels in men: contribution of visceral obesity, insulin levels and other metabolic variables. 929 84


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