Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004135 (ATM)
 13,001 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report here the discovery of a unique and novel angiotensin binding site and peptide system based upon the C-terminal 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II (NH3(+)-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-COO-) (AII(3-8) (AIV)). This fragment binds saturably, reversibly, specifically, and with high affinity to membrane-binding sites in a variety of tissues and from many species. The binding site is pharmacologically distinct from the classic angiotensin receptors (AT1 or AT2) displaying low affinity for the known agonists (AII and AIII) and antagonist (Sar1,Ile8-AII). Although a definitive function has not been assigned to this system in many of the tissues in which it resides, AIV's interaction with endothelial cells may involve a role in endothelial cell-dependent vasodilation. Consequent to this action, AIV is a potent stimulator of renal cortical blood flow.
 ...
PMID:Discovery of a distinct binding site for angiotensin II (3-8), a putative angiotensin IV receptor. 143 83

The selective biphenylimidazole and tetrahydroimidazopyridine antagonists exemplified by losartan (DuP 753) and PD 123319 have been shown to bind selectively to angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes, respectively. To characterize which subtypes of angiotensin II receptors are expressed in mammalian portal vein smooth muscle, we performed, using both membrane and strip preparations, [3H]angiotensin II binding experiments and then contraction experiments to investigate the functional relevance of these binding sites. Specific binding of [3H]angiotensin II was of high affinity, saturable and reversible. Specific binding of [3H]angiotensin II was completely displaced by angiotensin II and the peptide antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II. The inhibition of [3H]angiotensin II binding by losartan (2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphe nyl-4-yl)- methyl]imidazole, potassium salt) and DuP 532 (2-n-propyl-4-pentafluoroethyl-1-[(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biph enyl-4-yl)- methyl]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid) was biphasic and LIGAND curve-fitting analysis revealed two populations of specific binding sites. One subpopulation represented 75% of the total binding and showed high affinity for angiotensin II, losartan and DuP 532, but low affinity for the peptide angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist CGP 42112A (N-alpha-nicotinoyl-Tyr-Lys-[N-alpha-CBZ-Arg]-His-Pro-Ile-OH) and thus appeared identical to the cloned angiotensin AT1 receptor subtype. The remaining 25% of the sites showed nearly 1000-fold lower affinity for losartan, 6500-fold lower affinity for DuP 532 and high affinity for PD 123319 (S-1-[[4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylphenyl]methyl]-5-diphenylacetyl- 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo-[4,5-c] pyridine-6-carboxylic acid, difluoroacetate monohydrate) and CGP 42112A, with values of Ki in the same range (nM) as those found for losartan and DuP 532 at angiotensin AT1 binding sites. These sites appear to be angiotensin AT2 receptors. Only the angiotensin AT1 receptor subtype interacted with G-proteins, as indicated by the 80% inhibition of [3H]angiotensin II binding in the presence of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiophosphate) or fluoroaluminates. Although the angiotensin II-induced contraction was completely inhibited by losartan with a pA2 value of 8.8, PD 123319 reduced the angiotensin II-induced contraction by 20-25%, indicating that both angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes are functional in portal vein smooth muscle.
 ...
PMID:Angiotensin II receptor subtypes and contractile responses in portal vein smooth muscle. 755 78

The presence of specific AII receptors in 6 different human neuroblastoma cell lines was investigated using binding, cAMP and [Ca2+]i studies. We found high affinity (0.1 nM), low capacity ((1-2).10(3) sites/cell) binding sites for [125I](Sar-1,Ile-8)AII in one half of the cell lines studied. In the positive cell lines mathematical modeling of multiple competition curves among AII and analogs strongly indicated the presence of a homogenous class of sites, i.e., AT1 receptors. The presence of AT1 receptors was further substantiated by AII-induced inhibition of VIP-stimulated cAMP levels and by AII-evoked [Ca2+]i transient. The density of AT1 receptors in neuroblastoma cells was not affected by treatment with pertussis toxin and retinoic acid but was significantly increased by subacute treatment with VIP. In neuroblastoma cells, AII does not stimulate DNA synthesis, suggesting other roles rather than mitogenesis. Neuroblastoma cells represents an interesting model to investigate the function of AII in neural crest derived tissues.
 ...
PMID:Identification and characterization of functional angiotensin II receptors in human neuroblastoma cells. 765 93

We have characterized a specific binding site for angiotensin IV in bovine adrenal cortex membranes. Pseudo-equilibrium studies at 37 degrees C for 2 h have shown that this binding site recognizes angiotensin IV with a high affinity (Kd = 0.24 +/- 0.03 nM). The binding site is saturable and relatively abundant (maximal binding capacity around 0.5 pmol/mg protein). Non-equilibrium kinetic analyses at 37 degrees C revealed a calculated kinetic Kd of 47 pM. The binding site is pharmacologically distinct from the classic angiotensin receptors AT1 or AT2. Competitive binding studies with bovine adrenal cortex membranes demonstrated the following rank order of effectiveness: angiotensin IV (Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) = angiotensin II-(3-7) (Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro) > angiotensin III (Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) > or = angiotensin II-(4-7) (Tyr-Ile-His-Pro) > angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) > angiotensin II-(1-6) (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His) > angiotensin II-(4-8) (Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) > > > angiotensin II-(3-6) (Val-Tyr-Ile-His), angiotensin II-(4-6) (Tyr-Ile-His), L-158,809 (5,7-dimethyl-2-ethyl-3-[(2'(1-H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-y l) methyl]-3-H-imidazo[4,5-beta]pyridine H2O) and PD 123319 (1-[4-(dimethylamino)3-methylphenyl]methyl-5-(diphenylacetyl)4,5,6 ,7- tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid). The divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ were shown to diminish the binding of 125I-angiotensioffn IV to bovine adrenal cortex membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:A specific binding site recognizing a fragment of angiotensin II in bovine adrenal cortex membranes. 769 12

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the selective angiotensin AT2 receptor ligands, CGP 42112B (Nic-Tyr-(N alpha-benzoyloxycarbonyl-Arg)Lys-His-Pro-Ile-OH) and PD 123319 ((s)-1-[[4-(dimethylamino)-3-methyl-phenyl]methyl]-5-(diphenylacetyl+ ++)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]-pyridine-6-carboxylic acid) are agonists at angiotensin receptors influencing blood pressure and renal function in the enalaprilat-treated anesthetized rat. The agonist angiotensin II significantly increased blood pressure and renal vascular resistance. Glomerular filtration rate was unchanged by angiotensin II. Effective renal blood flow decreased significantly in response to angiotensin II leading to a significant increase in filtration fraction. Angiotensin II did not induce significant change in urinary potassium excretion or free water formation but significantly increased both urine volume and urinary sodium excretion. At doses up to 3 orders of magnitude greater than angiotensin II, CGP 42112B also significantly increased blood pressure, filtration fraction, glomerular filtration rate, urine volume and urinary sodium excretion, but did not significantly affect effective renal blood flow or renal vascular resistance. The selective angiotensin AT2 receptor ligand PD 123319 had no significant effects on blood pressure nor any measured parameter of renal function. The changes in blood pressure and renal function produced by angiotensin II and CGP 42112B could be completely blocked by the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. The results therefore only support a role for angiotensin AT1 receptors and not angiotensin AT2 receptors in the control of renal function in the rat and demonstrate that at high doses the angiotensin AT2 selective ligand CGP 42112B behaves as an agonist at angiotensin AT1 receptors.
 ...
PMID:Renal actions of the angiotensin AT2 receptor ligands CGP 42112 and PD 123319 after blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. 795 90

In the present study, we assessed the reactivity with seven anti-angiotensin II monoclonal antibodies of three nonpeptide and one peptide compounds described as selective antagonists of angiotensin II for AT1 (DuP 753, 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl] imidazole; EXP 3174, 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-(carboxylic acid)-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl] imidazole) and AT2 receptor sites (CGP42112A, nicotinyl-Tyr-(N alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg)Lys-His-Pro-Ile-OH; PD123177, 1-[(4-amino-3-methylphenyl) methyl]-5-(diphenyl-acetyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazol[4,5-c] pyridine 6-carboxylic acid), respectively. These studies were undertaken because the reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies with peptide analogs of angiotensin II and the three-dimensional structure of an angiotensin II-immunoglobulin Fab fragment complex strongly suggested that the conformations identified by the monoclonal antibodies were relevant to those involved in receptor binding as defined by biophysical models supported by structure activity studies. Surprisingly although three of the compounds were described as competitive inhibitors of angiotensin II, binding of the various monoclonal antibodies to either ovalbumin-coupled angiotensin II adsorbed to plastic wells or 125I-labeled angiotensin II in liquid phase was unaffected by any of the nonpeptide antagonists and CGP42112A up to 10(-4) M concentration. The antagonists also failed to bind to rabbit polyclonal anti-angiotensin II antibodies. Direct binding experiments in which solid phase-immobilized angiotensin II and DuP 753 conjugates were incubated with anti-angiotensin II or anti-DuP 753 monoclonal antibodies, did not show any cross-reactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Immunological reactivity of angiotensin II receptor antagonists: possible implications for receptor binding sites. 828 6

Despite some recent reports describing the effects of AT2 receptor selective ligands in vitro and in vivo, the physiological function of this receptor is still a matter of debate. This problem stems amongst others from the difficulty in interpreting results from in vivo experiments with drugs of which it is not known whether they act as agonists or antagonists. We reported earlier that angiotensin II inhibits basal and atrial natriuretic peptide stimulated particulate guanylate cyclase activity through AT2 receptors in PC12W cells. We have used this parameter in intact PC12W cells in order to determine the pharmacological properties of different widely used angiotensin receptor ligands. We found CGP 42112 to behave as a full agonist in this system, whereas PD 123319 and Sar Ile angiotensin II act as antagonists. As expected, the AT1 antagonist losartan did not affect this response.
 ...
PMID:Agonistic and antagonistic properties of angiotensin analogs at the AT2 receptor in PC12W cells. 838 91

This study demonstrated the existence of a specific binding site for angiotensin IV in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Non-equilibrium kinetic analyses at 37 degrees C allowed the calculation of a kinetic Kd of 0.44 nM. Pseudo-equilibrium saturation binding studies at 37 degrees C for 90 min indicated the presence of a single high-affinity site (Kd = 3.87 +/- 0.60 nM), saturable and abundant (Bmax = 9.64 +/- 1.44 pmol/mg protein). Competitive binding studies demonstrated the following rank order of effectiveness: angiotensin IV > angiotensin III > angiotensin II > angiotensin I > angiotensin II-(1-7), while 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1 [(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl) methyl] imidazol (DuP 753: losartan), 1-(4-amino-3-methyl-phenyl) methyl-5-diphenylisoethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo [4,5-C] pyridine-6-carboxylic acid (PD 123177) or nicotinic acid-Tyr-(N alpha -benzyl-oxycarbonyl-Arg) Lys-His-Pro-Ile-OH (CGP 42112A) were inactive at the concentration of 100 microM. This binding site is, therefore, distinct from angiotensin II receptors, AT1 and AT2. Addition of the divalent cations Mg2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ to the incubation buffer resulted in 90-95% inhibition of the [125I]angiotensin IV-specific binding to porcine aortic endothelial cells. Furthermore, the chelator, EGTA, at 5 mM increased the number of binding sites (Bmax = 17.8 +/- 2.5 pmol/mg protein), with no change in affinity (Kd = 5.7 +/- 1.3 nM). Exposure of porcine aortic endothelial cell membranes to the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog, GTP gamma S, had no effect on [125I]angiotensin IV binding. The presence of a high concentration of binding sites for angiotensin IV in porcine aortic endothelial cells suggests that this peptide may play an important role in the modulation of the cardiovascular system.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological characterization of a specific binding site for angiotensin IV in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. 881 53

Angiotensin IV (Val Tyr Ile His Pro Phe), administered centrally, increases memory retrieval and induces c-fos expression in the hippocampus and piriform cortex. Angiotensin IV binds to a high affinity site that is quite distinct in pharmacology and distribution from the angiotensin II AT1 and AT2 receptors and is known as the AT4 receptor. These observations suggest that the AT4 receptor may have multiple central effects. The present study uses in vitro receptor autoradiography, and employs [125I]angiotensin IV to map AT4 receptors in the macaca fascicularis brain. The distribution of the AT4 receptor is remarkable in that its distribution extends throughout several neural systems. Most striking is its localization in motor nuclei and motor associated regions. These include the ventral horn spinal motor neurons, all cranial motor nuclei including the oculomotor, abducens, facial and hypoglossal nuclei, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Receptors are also present in the vestibular, reticular and inferior olivary nuclei, the granular layer of the cerebellum, and the Betz cells of the motor cortex. Moderate AT4 receptor density is seen in all cerebellar nuclei, ventral thalamic nuclei and the substantia nigra pars compacta, with lower receptor density observed in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Abundant AT4 receptors are also found in areas associated with cholinergic nuclei and their projections, including the nucleus basalis of Meynert, ventral limb of the diagonal band and the hippocampus, somatic motor nuclei and autonomic preganglionic motor nuclei. AT4 receptors are also observed in sensory regions, with moderate levels in spinal trigeminal, gracile, cuneate and thalamic ventral posterior nuclei, and the somatosensory cortex. The abundance of the AT4 receptor in motor and cholinergic neurons, and to a lesser extent, in sensory neurons, suggests multiple roles for the AT4 receptor in the primate brain.
 ...
PMID:Distribution of AT4 receptors in the Macaca fascicularis brain. 881 7

Interspecies amino acid exchange, based on pharmacological differences between mammalian AT1 and amphibian xAT angiotensin II receptors, previously demonstrated that Val108 in transmembrane III (ValIII:08) is a critical structural requirement for binding the biphenylimidazole, losartan. Here, we investigated a series of biphenylimidazole and imidazoleacrylic acid nonpeptides to determine the general role of Val108 in nonpeptide recognition. Substitution of Val108 in the rAT1b receptor with Ile, the corresponding residue in xATa, significantly reduced ligand affinities from both nonpeptide classes (Fmut values (mutant IC50/rAT1bIC50): losartan > L-162,389 > L-16,313 > L-162,017 = L-163,491 > SB-203,220 > SK&F-108,566). While distinct molecular requirements exist for biphenylimidazole and imidazoleacrylic acid binding, these results suggest that Val108 is a common structural determinant of nonpeptide recognition on the AT1 receptor.
 ...
PMID:Interaction of biphenylimidazole and imidazoleacrylic acid nonpeptide antagonists with valine 108 in TM III of the AT1 angiotensin receptor. 898 94


1 2 3 4 Next >>