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Query: UMLS:C0004135 (ATM)
 13,001 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) offers a unique method for introducing tagged individual human chromosomes from mouse/human monochromosomal hybrids into cell lines displaying recessive mutant phenotypes. Functional analysis of the resultant microcell hybrids bearing different tagged individual human chromosomes permits identification of the complementing chromosome. Using this approach, a number of human DNA repair genes that complement DNA repair defects in Xeroderma pigmentosum, Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom's syndrome, and rodent mutant cells have been mapped to specific chromosomes. In this paper, we present experiments performed to map a DNA double-strand break (dsb) repair gene, XRCC4, to human chromosome 5q15-q21. The introduction of human chromosome 5 into Chinese hamster mutant XR-1 cells corrected their X-ray sensitivity and DNA dsb repair deficiency. Loss of chromosome 5 and concomitant reversion to the radiosensitive phenotype confirmed the presence of XRCC4 on this chromosome. Analysis of DNA markers in radiation-resistant and -sensitive clones bearing different segments of chromosome 5 placed this gene in the region 5q15-q21. These studies demonstrate the application of MMCT technology to the genetic analysis of mutations that escape other experimental approaches.
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PMID:Complementation Mapping in Microcell Hybrids: Localization of XRCC4 to 5q15-q21 924 38

Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation inhibits DNA replication in a dose-dependent manner. The dose response is biphasic and the initial steep component reflects inhibition of replicon initiation thought to be mediated by activation of the S-phase checkpoint. In mammalian cells, inhibition of replicon initiation requires the ataxia telagiectasia mutated ( ATM ) gene, a member of the phosphatidyl inositol kinase-like (PIKL) family of protein kinases. We studied the effect on replicon initiation of another member of the PI-3 family of protein kinases, the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) by measuring either total DNA synthesis, or size distribution of nascent DNA using alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. Exposure of human cells proficient in DNA-PKcs (HeLa or M059-K) to 10 Gy inhibited replicon initiation in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition was at a maximum 1 h after irradiation and recovered at later times. Similar treatment of human cells deficient in DNA-PKcs (M059-J) inhibited replicon initiation to a similar level and with similar kinetics; however, no evidence for recovery, or only limited recovery, was observed for up to 8 h after irradiation. In addition a defect was observed in the maturation of nascent DNA. Similarly, a Chinese hamster cell line deficient in DNA-PKcs (irs-20) showed little evidence for recovery of DNA replication inhibition up to 6 h after irradiation, whereas the parental CHO cells showed significant recovery and an irs-20 derivative expressing the human DNA-PKcs complete recovery within 4 h. Normal kinetics of recovery were observed in xrs-5 cells, deficient in Ku80; in 180BR cells, deficient in DNA ligase IV; as well as XR-1 cells, deficient in XRCC4, an accessory factor of DNA ligase IV. Since all these cell lines share the DNA double strand break rejoining defect of M059-J and irs20 cells, the lack of recovery of DNA replication in the latter cells may not be attributed entirely to the prolonged presence of unrepaired DNA dsb. We propose that DNA-PKcs, in addition to its functions in the rejoining of DNA dsb and in DNA replication, also operates in a pathway that in normal cells facilitates recovery of DNA replication after irradiation.
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PMID:The catalytic subunit DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) facilitates recovery from radiation-induced inhibition of DNA replication. 1066 61

In order to investigate the molecular basis of variation in response to ionising radiation (IR) in radiotherapy patients, we have studied the expression of several genes involved in DNA double-strand break repair pathways in fibroblast cell lines. Ten lines were established from skin biopsies of cancer patients with different normal-tissue reactions to IR, and 3 from a control individual. For all 10 test cell lines, the cellular radiosensitivity was also known. Using Western blots we measured, in non-irradiated cells, the basal expression levels of ATM, Rad1 and Hus1, involved in the control of cellular DNA damage checkpoints, together with DNA-PKcs, Ku70, Ku80; XRCC4, ligaseIV and Rad51, involved in radiation- induced DSB repair. We also analysed the in vitro enzymatic activities, under non-irradiated conditions, of the DNA-PK and XRCC4/ligaseIV complexes. The levels of expression of the different proteins were similar in all the cell lines, but the activities of the DNA-PK and XRCC4/ligaseIV complexes showed some differences. These differences did not correlate with either the normal tissue response of the patient in vivo or with cellular radiation sensitivity in vitro. The activity differences of these enzyme complexes, therefore, do not account for the variation of responses seen between patients.
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PMID:Comparison of DNA repair protein expression and activities between human fibroblast cell lines with different radiosensitivities. 1070 6

We report the p35 and p60 forms of XRCC4 protein, appearing in human leukemia MOLT-4 or U937 cells following X-irradiation or hyperthermia. p35 appeared in conjunction with the cleavage of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the fragmentation of internucleosomal DNA, and was suppressed by Ac-DEVD-CHO. p35 was also produced in vitro by treating MOLT-4 cell lysate with recombinant caspases, suggesting that p35 was a caspase-cleaved fragment of XRCC4 in apoptotic cell death. p60 was sensitive to treatment with phosphatase or wortmannin and was undetectable in M059J cells deficient in DNA-PKcs. However, p60 was found in ataxia-telangiectasia cells after irradiation. These results indicated p60 as a phosphorylated form of XRCC4, requiring DNA-PKcs but not ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM).
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PMID:Cleavage and phosphorylation of XRCC4 protein induced by X-irradiation. 1092 71

Retroviral infection induces integrase-dependent apoptosis in DNA-PK-deficient murine scid lymphocytes. Furthermore, the efficiency of stable transduction of reporter genes is reduced in adherent cell lines that are deficient in cellular DNA-repair proteins known to mediate nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), such as DNA-PK and XRCC4 (R. Daniel, R. A. Katz, and A. M. Skalka, Science 284:644-647, 1999). Here we report that wortmannin, an irreversible inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)-related PKs, including the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK(CS)) and ATM, sensitizes normal murine lymphocytes to retrovirus-mediated cell killing. We also show that the efficiency of stable transduction of reporter genes in human (HeLa) cells, mediated by either an avian sarcoma virus or a human immune deficiency virus type 1 vector, is reduced in the presence of wortmannin. The dose dependence of such reduction correlates with that for inhibition of PI-3K-related protein kinase activity in these cells. Results from wortmannin treatment of a panel of cell lines confirms that formation and/or survival of transductants is dependent on components of the NHEJ pathway. However, stable transduction is virtually abolished by wortmannin treatment of cells that lack ATM. These results suggest that ATM activity is required for the residual transduction observed in the NHEJ-deficient cells. Our studies support the hypothesis that DNA repair proteins of the NHEJ pathway and, in their absence, ATM are required to avoid integrase-mediated killing [corrected] and allow stable retroviral DNA transduction. The studies also suggest that cells can be sensitized to such killing and stable retroviral DNA integration blocked by drugs that inhibit cellular DNA repair pathways.
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PMID:Wortmannin potentiates integrase-mediated killing of lymphocytes and reduces the efficiency of stable transduction by retroviruses. 1115 3

We demonstrated that enhancement of X-ray-induced apoptosis/rapid cell death by wortmannin accompanied by increased activation of JNK/SAPK in human leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Rapid cell death/apoptosis was determined either by the dye exclusion test or by the appearance of Annexin V-positive cells and cleaved PARP fragments. Enhancement was observed only at higher concentrations of wortmannin, i.e. 1 microM or more. At these high concentrations, both DNA-PK and ATM were inhibited. X-ray-induced phosphorylation of Ser 15 of p53/TP53, accumulation of both p53/TP53 and p21/WAF1/CDKN1A, and phosphorylation of XRCC4 were all suppressed. The enhancement of apoptosis/rapid cell death by wortmannin was prevented by addition of caspase inhibitors, Z-VAD-FMK or Ac-DEVD-CHO, or by transfection and overexpression of mouse Bcl2, which is known as an anti-apoptosis protein. The requirement for a high concentration of wortmannin, i.e. 1 microM or more, indicates that inhibition of both DNA-PK and ATM was necessary for the enhanced apoptosis/rapid cell death. Phosphorylation of AKT/PKB was completely suppressed at a much lower concentration, i.e. 0.1 microM wortmannin, where no enhancement of X-ray-induced apoptosis/rapid cell death was observed. On the other hand, X-ray-induced phosphorylation of JNK and its kinase activity as well as apoptosis/rapid cell death were all significantly enhanced only at high concentrations of wortmannin, i.e. 1 microM or more. Furthermore, the extent of enhancement of both JNK phosphorylation and of apoptosis/rapid cell death by wortmannin was less in Rh1a cells, which are ceramide- and radiation-resistant variant cells compared to the parental MOLT-4 cells. Therefore, activation of the JNK pathway was considered important for the enhancement of X-ray-induced apoptosis/rapid cell death of MOLT-4 cells by wortmannin, because of the requirement for a higher concentration of wortmannin than that required for inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. The suppression of the AKT-dependent pathway by wortmannin may have some underlying role in activating the JNK pathway toward the enhancement of cell death in the current system.
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PMID:Wortmannin-enhanced X-ray-induced apoptosis of human T-cell leukemia MOLT-4 cells possibly through the JNK/SAPK pathway. 1296 28

Mammalian cells primarily rejoin DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. The joining of the broken DNA ends appears directly without template and accuracy is ensured by the NHEJ factors that are under ATM/ATR regulated checkpoint control. In the current study we report the engineering of a mono-specific DNA damaging agent. This was used to study the molecular requirements for the repair of the least complex DSB in vivo. Single-chain PvuII restriction enzymes fused to protein delivery sequences transduce cells efficiently and induce blunt end DSBs in vivo. We demonstrate that beside XRCC4/LigaseIV and KU, the DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is also essential for the joining of this low complex DSB in vivo. The appearance of blunt end 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate DNA DSBs induces a significantly higher frequency of anaphase bridges in cells that do not contain functional DNA-PKcs, suggesting an absolute requirement for DNA-PKcs in the control of chromosomal stability during end joining. Moreover, these minimal blunt end DSBs are sufficient to induce a p53 and ATM/ATR checkpoint function.
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PMID:Repair of a minimal DNA double-strand break by NHEJ requires DNA-PKcs and is controlled by the ATM/ATR checkpoint. 1465 98

Loss of telomere equilibrium and associated chromosome-genomic instability might effectively promote tumour progression. Telomere function may have contrasting roles: inducing replicative senescence and promoting tumourigenesis and these roles may vary between cell types depending on the expression of the enzyme telomerase, the level of mutations induced, and efficiency/deficiency of related DNA repair pathways. We have identified an alternative telomere maintenance mechanism in mouse embryonic stem cells lacking telomerase RNA unit (mTER) with amplification of non-telomeric sequences adjacent to existing short stretches of telomere repeats. Our quest for identifying telomerase-independent or alternative mechanisms involved in telomere maintenance in mammalian cells has implicated the involvement of potential DNA repair factors in such pathways. We have reported earlier on the telomere equilibrium in scid mouse cells which suggested a potential role of DNA repair proteins in telomere maintenance in mammalian cells. Subsequently, studies by us and others have shown the association between the DNA repair factors and telomere function. Mice deficient in a DNA-break sensing molecule, PARP-1 (poly [ADP]-ribopolymerase), have increased levels of chromosomal instability associated with extensive telomere shortening. Ku80 null cells showed a telomere shortening associated with extensive chromosome end fusions, whereas Ku80+/- cells exhibited an intermediate level of telomere shortening. Inactivation of PARP-1 in p53-/- cells resulted in dysfunctional telomeres and severe chromosome instability leading to advanced onset and increased tumour incidence in mice. Interestingly, haploinsufficiency of PARP-1 in Ku80 null cells causes more severe telomere shortening and chromosome abnormalities compared to either PARP-1 or Ku80 single null cells and Ku80+/-PARP-/- mice develop spontaneous tumours. This overview will focus mainly on the role of DNA repair/recombination and DNA damage signalling molecules such as PARP-1, DNA-PKcs, Ku70/80, XRCC4 and ATM which we have been studying for the last few years. Because the maintenance of telomere function is crucial for genomic stability, our results will provide new insights into the mechanisms of chromosome instability and tumour formation.
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PMID:DNA repair factors and telomere-chromosome integrity in mammalian cells. 1516 24

Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines were derived from five patients with late radionecrosis. Two of these cell lines exhibited postradiation viability levels intermediate between normal cell lines and that from an individual with ataxia telangiectasia. Compared with controls, these two cell lines exhibited impaired ability to rejoin DNA double-strand breaks on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and 6-10-fold reduced DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity in vitro in cell-free extracts. Immunoblotting showed normal levels of Ku70, Ku80 and XRCC4 and the presence of DNA-PKcs in both cell lines. These findings suggest that DNA-PK might be an important factor affecting the predisposition of radiotherapy patients to late radionecrosis.
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PMID:Reduced DNA-dependent protein kinase activity in two cell lines derived from adult cancer patients with late radionecrosis. 1518 71

Ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 (AOA1) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease that is reminiscent of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). AOA1 is caused by mutations in the gene encoding aprataxin, a protein whose physiological function is currently unknown. We report here that, in contrast to A-T, AOA1 cell lines exhibit neither radioresistant DNA synthesis nor a reduced ability to phosphorylate downstream targets of ATM following DNA damage, suggesting that AOA1 lacks the cell cycle checkpoint defects that are characteristic of A-T. In addition, AOA1 primary fibroblasts exhibit only mild sensitivity to ionising radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and methyl methanesulphonate (MMS). Strikingly, however, aprataxin physically interacts in vitro and in vivo with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4. Aprataxin possesses a divergent forkhead associated (FHA) domain that closely resembles the FHA domain present in polynucleotide kinase, and appears to mediate the interactions with CK2-phosphorylated XRCC1 and XRCC4 through this domain. Aprataxin is therefore physically associated with both the DNA single-strand and double-strand break repair machinery, raising the possibility that AOA1 is a novel DNA damage response-defective disease.
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PMID:The ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 1 gene product has a role distinct from ATM and interacts with the DNA strand break repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4. 1538 Jan 5


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