Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004135 (ATM)
 13,001 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cells from individuals with the recessive cancer-prone disorder ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation (I-R). ATM (mutated in A-T) is a protein kinase whose activity is stimulated by I-R. c-Abl, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, interacts with ATM and is activated by ATM following I-R. Rad51 is a homologue of bacterial RecA protein required for DNA recombination and repair. Here we demonstrate that there is an I-R-induced Rad51 tyrosine phosphorylation, and this induction is dependent on both ATM and c-Abl. ATM, c-Abl, and Rad51 can be co-immunoprecipitated from cell extracts. Consistent with the physical interaction, c-Abl phosphorylates Rad51 in vitro and in vivo. In assays using purified components, phosphorylation of Rad51 by c-Abl enhances complex formation between Rad51 and Rad52, which cooperates with Rad51 in recombination and repair. After I-R, an increase in association between Rad51 and Rad52 occurs in wild-type cells but not in cells with mutations that compromise ATM or c-Abl. Our data suggest signaling mediated through ATM, and c-Abl is required for the correct post-translational modification of Rad51, which is critical for the assembly of Rad51 repair protein complex following I-R.
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PMID:Radiation-induced assembly of Rad51 and Rad52 recombination complex requires ATM and c-Abl. 1021 58

Ionizing radiation is known to activate multiple signal transduction pathways, but the targets of these pathways are poorly understood. Phosphorylation of histone H1 is thought to have a role in chromatin condensation/decondensation, and we asked whether ionizing radiation (IR) would alter H1 phosphorylation. Our data demonstrate that low doses of IR result in a dramatic, but transient, dephosphorylation of H1 isoforms. The in vivo IR-induced dephosphorylation of H1 is completely blocked by wortmannin and is abrogated in ataxia telangiectasia cells. Furthermore, we measured radiation-induced inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase activity and activation of histone H1 phosphatase activity. Both activities were affected by radiation-induced signals in an ATM-dependent manner. Thus, the rapid IR-induced dephosphorylation of H1 involves a pathway including ATM and a wortmannin-sensitive step leading to both inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activities as well as activation of H1 phosphatase(s).
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PMID:Histone H1 dephosphorylation is mediated through a radiation-induced signal transduction pathway dependent on ATM. 1037 85

Nck is a small adaptor protein consisting exclusively of three SH3 domains and one SH2 domain. Nck is thought to have an important role in cell signalling by coupling receptor tyrosine kinases, via its SH2 domain, to downstream SH3-binding effectors. We report here that angiotensin II, working through the AT1 receptor subtype, stimulates the phosphorylation of Nck in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Phosphopeptide mapping analysis revealed that Nck is phosphorylated on four peptides containing exclusively phosphoserine in quiescent cells. Treatment with angiotensin II resulted in increased phosphorylation of these four peptides, without the appearance of new phosphopeptides. We show that Nck, via its SH3 domains, specifically binds three major phosphoproteins of 95, 82 and 66 kDa both in vitro and in intact cells. Notably, the phosphorylation of these Nck-binding proteins was found to increase in parallel with that of Nck on stimulation by angiotensin II. One candidate for the 66 kDa phosphoprotein is the serine/threonine kinase p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1), which was found to form a stable complex with Nck in aortic smooth muscle cells. We have also identified the gamma2 isoform of casein kinase I as another protein kinase that associates with Nck in these cells. These findings indicate that Nck is a target of G-protein-coupled receptors and suggest a role for Pak1 and casein kinase I-gamma2 in downstream signalling or regulation of the AT1 receptor.
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PMID:Angiotensin II stimulates serine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Nck: physical association with the serine/threonine kinases Pak1 and casein kinase I. 1037 65

Recent indirect evidence suggests that a Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent pathway, which may involve calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), mediates the S-phase delay manifested by gamma-ray-exposed human fibroblasts. This pathway is severely impaired in ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) cells [Mirzayans et al. (1995) Oncogene 11, 15971. To extend these findings, we assayed CaMKII activity in irradiated normal and A-T fibroblasts. The radiation treatment induced the autonomous activity of the kinase in normal cells. In contrast, this activity was not elevated in either (i) normal cells pretreated with the selective CaMKII antagonist KN-62 or (ii) gamma-irradiated A-T cells. Moreover, A-T fibroblasts, unlike normal cells, failed to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ upon mitogenic stimulation. These findings identify a novel role for CaMKII in radiation-induced signal transduction and suggest its involvement in effecting the S-phase delay. The data also implicate ATM, the product of the gene responsible for A-T, as a key mediator of both intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and CaMKII activation in response not only to genotoxic stress but also to physiological stimuli.
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PMID:Defective regulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in gamma-irradiated ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts. 1040 99

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a pleiotropic, multi-system disorder with manifestations that include immune deficiency, sensitivity to ionizing radiation and neoplasms. Many of these manifestations are understood in principle since the identification in A-T patients of mutations in a gene encoding a protein kinase that plays a key role in signaling and repair of DNA damage. However, the cause of the neurodegeneration that afflicts patients with A-T for at least a decade before they succumb to overwhelming infections or malignancy remains mysterious. Based on our work in a mouse model of A-T and previous evidence of extra-neural autoimmune disorders in A-T, we postulate that the neurodegenerative process in A-T is not due to a function for A-T mutated (ATM) essential for the postnatal brain, but to an autoimmune process (hence 'horror autotoxicus', Paul Ehrlich's term for autoimmune disorder). This hypothetical mechanism may be analogous to that in the so-called 'paraneoplastic' neurodegenerative syndromes in patients with various malignancies. Thus, alterations in the balance between cellular and humoral immunity in A-T probably result in autoantibodies to cerebral epitopes shared with cells of the immune system. This hypothesis has important implications for the understanding and development of effective palliative and even preventative strategies for A-T, and probably for other so far relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disorders.
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PMID:Neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia is caused by horror autotoxicus. 1041 43

The Schizosaccharomyces pombe checkpoint gene named rad3(+) encodes an ATM-homologous protein kinase that shares a highly conserved motif with proteins involved in DNA metabolism. Previous studies have shown that Rad3 fulfills its function via the regulation of the Chk1 and Cds1 protein kinases. Here we describe a novel role for Rad3 in the control of telomere integrity. Mutations in the rad3(+) gene alleviated telomeric silencing and produced shortened lengths in the telomere repeat tracts. Genetic analysis revealed that the other checkpoint rad mutations rad1, rad17, and rad26 belong to the same phenotypic class with rad3 with regard to control of the telomere length. Of these mutations, rad3 and rad26 have a drastic effect on telomere shortening. tel1(+), another ATM homologue in S. pombe, carries out its telomere maintenance function in parallel with the checkpoint rad genes. Furthermore, either a single or double disruption of cds1(+) and chk1(+) caused no obvious changes in the telomeric DNA structure. Our results demonstrate a novel role of the S. pombe ATM homologues that is independent of chk1(+) and cds1(+).
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PMID:Genetic control of telomere integrity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: rad3(+) and tel1(+) are parts of two regulatory networks independent of the downstream protein kinases chk1(+) and cds1(+). 1043 May 79

In complex with FKBP12, the immunosuppressant rapamycin binds to and inhibits the yeast TOR1 and TOR2 proteins and the mammalian homologue mTOR/FRAP/RAFT1. The TOR proteins promote cell cycle progression in yeast and human cells by regulating translation and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. A C-terminal domain of the TOR proteins shares identity with protein and lipid kinases, but only one substrate (PHAS-I), and no regulators of the TOR-signaling cascade have been identified. We report here that yeast TOR1 has an intrinsic protein kinase activity capable of phosphorylating PHAS-1, and this activity is abolished by an active site mutation and inhibited by FKBP12-rapamycin or wortmannin. We find that an intact TOR1 kinase domain is essential for TOR1 functions in yeast. Overexpression of a TOR1 kinase-inactive mutant, or of a central region of the TOR proteins distinct from the FRB and kinase domains, was toxic in yeast, and overexpression of wild-type TOR1 suppressed this toxic effect. Expression of the TOR-toxic domain leads to a G1 cell cycle arrest, consistent with an inhibition of TOR function in translation. Overexpression of the PLC1 gene, which encodes the yeast phospholipase C homologue, suppressed growth inhibition by the TOR-toxic domains. In conclusion, our findings identify a toxic effector domain of the TOR proteins that may interact with substrates or regulators of the TOR kinase cascade and that shares sequence identity with other PIK family members, including ATR, Rad3, Mei-41, and ATM.
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PMID:Protein kinase activity and identification of a toxic effector domain of the target of rapamycin TOR proteins in yeast. 1043 10

ATW8 was a unique opportunity to review the complex and growing field of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) research and to cross-fertilize ideas for new experimental designs. A-T biology now encompasses human and mouse neurology, neurobiology, immunology, radiobiology, cell signalling, cell cycle checkpoints, gametogenesis, and oncogenesis, as well as radiotherapy, cancer epidemiology, premature aging, cytogenetics, and DNA repair mechanisms. By an as yet undetermined mechanism, the ATM protein appears to sense double strand breaks (DSB) during meiosis or mitosis, or breaks consequent to the damage of free radicals which are generated during the metabolism of food. As a protein kinase, ATM then directly phosphorylates p53 and interacts with many other molecules involved in homologous and nonhomologous DSB repair, as well as in cell signalling. Some of these molecule targets include: c-abl, ATR, chk-1, chk-2, RPA, BRCA1, BRCA2, NFkappaB/IkappaB alpha, beta-adaptin, and perhaps ATM itself. Thus, ATM is a "hierarchical kinase," initiating many pathways simultaneously. Parallel sessions or longer meetings will clearly be necessary for future A-T workshops.
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PMID:Eighth International Workshop on Ataxia-Telangiectasia (ATW8). 1044 4

The activation of the cysteine proteases with aspartate specificity, termed caspases, is of fundamental importance for the execution of programmed cell death. These proteases are highly specific in their action and activate or inhibit a variety of key protein molecules in the cell. Here, we study the effect of apoptosis on the integrity of two proteins that have critical roles in DNA damage signalling, cell cycle checkpoint controls, and genome maintenance-the product of the gene defective in ataxia telangiectasia, ATM, and the related protein ATR. We find that ATM but not ATR is specifically cleaved in cells induced to undergo apoptosis by a variety of stimuli. We establish that ATM cleavage in vivo is dependent on caspases, reveal that ATM is an efficient substrate for caspase 3 but not caspase 6 in vitro, and show that the in vitro caspase 3 cleavage pattern mirrors that in cells undergoing apoptosis. Strikingly, apoptotic cleavage of ATM in vivo abrogates its protein kinase activity against p53 but has no apparent effect on the DNA binding properties of ATM. These data suggest that the cleavage of ATM during apoptosis generates a kinase-inactive protein that acts, through its DNA binding ability, in a trans-dominant-negative fashion to prevent DNA repair and DNA damage signalling.
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PMID:Cleavage and inactivation of ATM during apoptosis. 1045 55

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is the product of the gene mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangeictasia (A-T). It is a 370 kDa protein that is a member of the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinases superfamily. A-T cells and those derived from Atm-/- mice are characterized by hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and defective cell cycle checkpoints. Defects are observed at all cell cycle checkpoints in A-T cells post-irradiation including the G1/S interface where ATM plays an important role in the activation of the tumour suppressor gene product p53. Activation leads to the induction of p21/WAF1, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity, failure to phosphorylate key substrates such as the retinoblastoma protein and consequently G1 arrest. ATM also plays an important role in the regulation and surveillance of meiotic progression. Absence of ATM gives rise to a spectrum of defects including immunodeficiency, neurodegeneration, radiosensitivity and cancer predisposition. It is clear that a better definition of the role of ATM in DNA damage recognition, cell cycle control and cell signalling may assist in the treatment of the progressive neurodegeneration in this syndrome.
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PMID:ATM: the product of the gene mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia. 1046 28


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