Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004135 (ATM)
 13,001 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The angiotensin subtype 2 (AT2) receptor is scarce in most adult vascular tissues except after injury. Since angiotensin II (AngII) is released upon injury, we examined the possibility that AngII governs AT2 receptor expression in smooth muscle cells (SMC). A polyclonal antiserum, raised to a peptide corresponding to the AT2 receptor C-terminus, recognized a approximately 45-kDa protein after transfection of cos-7 cells with AT2 receptor cDNA. Detection of a approximately 65-kDa band in extracts of SMC indicated that the AT2 receptor was glycosylated. Treatment of SMCs with AngII increased AT2 receptor levels fourfold over 24 h. This response was abrogated by losartan, but not by PD123319, indicating AT1 receptor involvement. AngII-dependent increases in AT2 receptor levels were also prevented by LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidyinositol 3-kinase, but not by rapamycin. These results indicate AngII influences AT2 receptor expression through the AT1 receptor via a signaling pathway that includes PI3K.
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PMID:Modulation of the vascular smooth muscle angiotensin subtype 2 (AT2) receptor by angiotensin II. 982 55

In order to provide a valuable cell model for studying the mechanism of DNA damage to kill tumor cells and enhance the curative effect, an antisense cDNA, which effectively expressed ATM gene encoding carboxyl terminal 100 kD domain fragment, was constructed, and a cell line U937-ASPI3K, which stably expressed the antisense ATM/PI3K cDNA was established through transfection and Zeocin selection. The results showed the constructed ATM/PI3K cDNA is in the opposite orientation in expression vector pZeoSV2(+) through examination of gene sequence. The cell line U937-ASPI3K was total loss of constitutive ATM protein, while the ATM abundance was not influenced in both the control cell lines U937-pZeoSV(-) and U937. The present experiment provided a practical cell model to elusidate mechanism of cell cycle checkpoints in DNA damage signal transduction pathway and search a new approach for tumor therapy.
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PMID:[Establishment of the Cell Line U937-ASPI3K with Stable Expression of Antisense ATM/PI3K] 1257 39

The impact of disruption of the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) pathway on the response of human leukemia cells to pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors has been examined. Exposure of U937 monocytic leukemia cells to minimally toxic concentrations of flavopiridol (FP), roscovitine, or CGP74514A for 3 h in conjunction with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (abbreviated LY in the article) resulted in a marked decrease in Akt phosphorylation. Coexposure of cells to LY and CDK inhibitors also resulted in an early (i.e., within 3 h) and striking increase in mitochondrial damage [e.g., cytochrome c, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-binding protein with low isoelectric point (Smac/DIABLO), and apoptosis-initiating factor (AIF) release], caspase activation, and apoptosis. Similar interactions were observed in a variety of other leukemia cell types (e.g., HL-60, Jurkat, Raji, and NB4). Apoptosis, induced by FP/LY, was substantially blocked by ectopic expression of Bcl-2, but to a considerably lesser extent by dominant-negative caspase-8. FP-induced apoptosis was not enhanced by agents that inhibited protein kinase (PK) A (H89), PKC (GFX), mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK1/2; U0126), p38 MAP kinase (MAPK; SB202190), m-target of rapamycin (TOR; rapamycin), or ataxia-telangiectasia mutation (ATM; caffeine), whereas the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin exerted effects similar to those of LY. The dramatic potentiation of CDK inhibitor-induced apoptosis by LY was accompanied by diminished Bad phosphorylation, induction of Bcl-2 cleavage, and down-regulation of X-linked IAP (XIAP) and Mcl-1. Cells exposed to CDK inhibitors + LY also exhibited reduced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3, forkhead transcription factor (FKHR), p70(S6K), and ERK, but increased activation of p34(cdc2) and p38 MAPK. LY/CDK inhibitor-treated cells also displayed diminished pRb dephosphorylation on CDK2- and CDK4-specific sites, retinoblastoma protein cleavage, and down-regulation of cyclin D(1). Inducible expression of constitutively active (myristolated) Akt significantly, albeit partially, attenuated apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia cells treated with either FP alone or the combination of FP and LY. Finally, cotreatment with LY and FP resulted in a dramatic increase in apoptosis in primary leukemic blasts obtained from a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Together, these findings suggest that the PI3K/Akt pathway plays a major role in regulating the apoptotic response of human leukemia cells to pharmacological CDK inhibitors and raise the possibility that combined interruption of CDK- and PI3K-related pathways may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in hematological malignancies.
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PMID:The lethal effects of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human leukemia cells proceed through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent process. 1270 69

(Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM) functions in control of cell cycle checkpoints in responding to DNA damage and protects cells from undergoing apoptosis. Knock-out within tumor cells of endogenous ATM will achieve therapeutic benefits and enable a better understanding of the decisive mechanisms of cell death or survival in response to DNA damaging agents.) In present paper, we sought to characterize the cell cycle checkpoint profiles in U937-ASPI3K, a U937 cell mutant that was previously established with endogenous ATM knock-out phenotype. Synchronized U937-ASPI3K was exposed to 137Cs irradiation, G1, S, G2/M cell cycle checkpoint profiles were evaluated by determining cell cycle kinetics, p53/p21 protein, cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and p34CDC2 kinase activity in response to irradiation. U937-ASPI3K exhibited multiple defects in cell cycle checkpoints as defined by failing to arrest cells upon irradiation. The accumulation of cellular p53/p21 protein and inhibition of CDK kinase was also abolished in U937-ASPI3K. It was concluded that the stable expression of anti-sense PI3K cDNA fragment completely abolished multiple cell cycle checkpoints in U937-ASPI3K, and hence U937-ASPI3K with an AT-like phenotype could serves as a valuable model system for investigating the signal transduction pathway in responding to DNA damaging-based cancer therapy.
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PMID:Multiple defects of cell cycle checkpoints in U937-ASPI3K, an U937 cell mutant stably expressing anti-sense ATM gene cDNA. 1284 Sep 9

To try to elucidate the relationship between the radiosensitivity of NPC cell lines and ATM gene, this study was designed to investigate the mutation of ATM/PI3K region in NPC cell lines with different radiosensitivity. Two NPC cell lines of CNE1 and CNE2 with different radiosensitivities were established. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to get a 546bp fragment (8578nt-9123nt) of ATM cDNA, containing the PI-3 kinase domain (8753-8815bp). Direct sequencing of RT-PCR product was applied to determine the mutations in the gene. The sequence of the 546bp fragment is identical to the sequence of ATM gene published in GenBank, that is, there are no any mutations on the fragment of ATM/PI3K we examined either in CNE1 or in CNE2. It indicates that there may be no correlations between the mutation of ATM/PI3K and the variation of radiosensitivity in NPC cell lines CNE1, CNE2.
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PMID:[Study on mutation of ATM/PI3K region in NPC cell lines with different radiosensitivity]. 1563 69

The histone variant H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). This phosphorylated H2AX (gamma-H2AX) is involved in the retention of repair and signaling factor complexes at sites of DNA damage. The dependency of this phosphorylation on the various PI3K-related protein kinases (in mammals, ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related [ATR], ataxia telangiectasia mutated [ATM], and DNA-PKCs) has been a subject of debate; it has been suggested that ATM is required for the induction of foci at DSBs, whereas ATR is involved in the recognition of stalled replication forks. In this study, using Arabidopsis as a model system, we investigated the ATR and ATM dependency of the formation of gamma-H2AX foci in M-phase cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). We find that although the majority of these foci are ATM-dependent, approximately 10% of IR-induced gamma-H2AX foci require, instead, functional ATR. This indicates that even in the absence of DNA replication, a distinct subset of IR-induced damage is recognized by ATR. In addition, we find that in plants, gamma-H2AX foci are induced at only one-third the rate observed in yeasts and mammals. This result may partly account for the relatively high radioresistance of plants versus yeast and mammals.
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PMID:Ionizing radiation-dependent gamma-H2AX focus formation requires ataxia telangiectasia mutated and ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related. 1577 50

PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) activity is involved in Ang (angiotensin) II-stimulated VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cell) growth and hypertrophy. In the present study, we demonstrate that the inhibition of PI3K in VSMCs by expression of a dominant-negative p85alpha mutant lacking the p110-binding domain (Deltap85), or by treatment of cells with LY294002, inhibited Ang II-stimulated PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) mRNA expression. Using a GST (glutathione S-transferase) fusion protein containing the p85 N-terminal SH2 (Src homology 2) domain as 'bait' followed by MS/MS (tandem MS), we identified a 70 kDa fragment of the p70 PDGFR-beta (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta) as a signalling adapter that is phosphorylated and recruits the p85 subunit of PI3K after Ang II stimulation of AT1 (Ang II subtype 1) receptors on VSMCs. This fragment of the PDGFR-beta, which has a truncation of its extracellular domain, accounted for approx. 15% of the total PDGFR-beta detected in VSMCs with an antibody against its cytoplasmic domain. Stimulation of VSMCs with Ang II increased tyrosine-phosphorylation of p70 PDGFR-beta at Tyr751 and Tyr1021 and increased its binding to p85. PDGF also induced phosphorylation of p70 PDGFR-beta, a response inhibited by the PDGF tyrosine kinase selective inhibitor, AG1296. By contrast, Ang II-induced phosphorylation of the 70 kDa receptor was not affected by AG1296. Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation of the p70 PDGFR-beta was blocked by the AT1 receptor antagonist, candesartan (CV 11974) and was partially inhibited by PP2 {4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine}, an Src family kinase inhibitor. Our result suggests that the p70 PDGFR-beta functions as an adapter that recruits PI3K to the membrane upon AT1 receptor stimulation.
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PMID:Angiotensin II stimulates phosphorylation of an ectodomain-truncated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta and its binding to class IA PI3K in vascular smooth muscle cells. 1656 13

Together with the Tel1 PI3 kinase, the Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 (MRX) complex is involved in checkpoint activation in response to double-strand breaks (DSBs), a function also conserved in human cells by Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 acting with ATM. It has been proposed that the yeast Tel1/MRX pathway is activated in the presence of DSBs that cannot be resected. The Mec1 PI3 kinase, by contrast, would be involved in detecting breaks that can be processed. The significance of a Mec1/MRX DSB-activated DNA damage checkpoint has yet to be reported. To understand whether the MRX complex works specifically with Tel1 or Mec1, we investigated MRX function in checkpoint activation in response to endonuclease-induced DSBs in synchronized cells. We found that the expression of EcoRI activated the G1 and intra-S phase checkpoints in a MRX- and Mec1-dependent, but Tel1-independent manner. The pathways identified here are therefore different from the Tel1/MRX pathway that was previously reported. Thus, our results demonstrate that MRX can function in concert with both Mec1 and Tel1 PI3K-like kinases to trigger checkpoint activation in response to DSBs. Importantly, we also describe a novel MRX-independent checkpoint that is activated in late S-phase when cells replicate their DNA in the presence of DSBs. The existence of this novel mode of checkpoint activation explains why several previous studies had reported that mutations in the MRX complex did not abrogate DSB-induced checkpoint activation in asynchronous cells.
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PMID:Double-strand breaks trigger MRX- and Mec1-dependent, but Tel1-independent, checkpoint activation. 1687 33

Vitamin C has inconsistent effects on malignant tumor cells, which vary from growth stimulation to apoptosis induction. It is well known that melanoma cells are more susceptible to vitamin C than any other tumor cells, but the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the proliferation of B16F10 melanoma cells was suppressed by vitamin C, which induced growth arrest in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxic effects. Therefore, we investigated the changes in cell cycle distribution of B16F10 melanoma cells by staining DNAs with propidium iodide (PI). The growth inhibition of B16F10 melanoma by vitamin C was associated with an arrest of cell cycle distribution at G1 stage. In addition, the levels of p53-p21Waf1/Cip1 increased during G1 arrest, which were essential for vitamin C-induced cell cycle arrest. The increased p21Waf1/Cip1 inhibited CDK2. Moreover, the activity of p53-p21Waf1/Cip1 pathway was closely related with the activation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2). Inhibitor of the PI3K-family, LY294002 and the ATM/ATR inhibitor, caffeine, blocked vitamin C-induced growth arrest in B16F10 melanoma cells. These results suggest that vitamin C might be a potent agent to inhibit proliferative activity of melanoma cells via the regulation of Chk2-p53-p21Waf1/Cip1 pathway.
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PMID:The molecular mechanisms of vitamin C on cell cycle regulation in B16F10 murine melanoma. 1745 38

During the DNA-damage response, adaptor proteins mediate signaling between the PI3K-like sensor kinases, ATM and ATR, and serine/threonine effector kinases. Carballo et al. (2008) now show that the chromosomal protein Hop1 mediates PI3K-like kinase signaling during the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in meiosis.
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PMID:Hop1 and the meiotic DNA-damage response. 1832 59


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