Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004134 (ataxia)
 15,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected into the cerebral ventricles on behaviour of singly- and group-housed cats was investigated. 6-OHDA in doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg was administered every morning for 5 to 8 days. In small doses 6-OHDA in singly- and group-housed cats evoked motor phenomena such as tremor, ataxia, rigidity, weakness and sometimes clonic-tonic convulsions. Occasionally restlessness, irritability and rage were observed. Large doses of 6-OHDA in group-housed cats, after a short latent period (2-3 days) produced aggression which intensified on subsequent injections, and thereafter, on repeated administrations, no longer occurred. The aggression consisted of restlessness, irritability, anger, rage, apprehension, threat, attack, fighting, flight and crying. Of autonomic phenomena mydriasis, dyspnea and sometimes piloerection were observed. The aggression was initiated by the most restless cat, or by disturbing the animals, such as by moving the cage. When 6-OHDA no longer produced aggressive behaviour, motor changes such as tremor, ataxia, rigidity, walking on broad base, weakness with adynamia and clonic-tonic convulsions developed. These latter symptoms were produced by large doses of 6-OHDA in singly-housed cats. In these animals spontaneous signs of aggressive behaviour usually were not observed, although if handled they showed rage, snarling and hissing. When singly-housed cats were kept in the same cage with group-housed animals, the singly-housed cats usually became aggressive. It appears that hyperactivity induced aggression in 6-OHDA-treated cats.
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PMID:6-hydroxydopamine and aggression in cats. 719 85

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a popular illicit drug often misrepresented as some other hallucinogenic substance and distributed in widely varying dosage forms and strengths. Users of hallucinogenic drugs may present with unintentional PCP overdoses. Toxicological laboratory analyses are essential to establish the diagnosis. In nine admitted overdose patients, the consciousness level ranged from alert to comatose on presentation, and all showed a prolonged recovery phase with agitation and toxic psychosis. Severe behavior disorder, paranoid ideation, and amnesia for the entire period of in-hospital stay are characteristic. In very high dose patients, shallow respiratory excursions and periods of apnoea and cyanosis coincided with generalized extensor spasm and spasm of neck muscles. Excessive bronchial secretions, gross ataxia, opisthotonic posturing, and grimacing occur. PCP toxic psychosis should be considered in drug-abusing patients presenting with schizophrenic-like symptoms, psychosis, or other bizarre behavior, whether or not they admit to taking PCP.
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PMID:Phencyclidine ingestion: drug abuse and psychosis. 728 52

Dextromethorphan (DM), the dextrorotatory isomer of 3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan, is the main ingredient in a number of widely available, over-the-counter antitussives. Initial studies (Bornstein 1968) showed that it possessed no respiratory suppressant effects and no addiction liability. Subsequently, however, several articles reporting abuse of this drug have appeared in the literature. The drug is known to cause a variety of acute toxic effects, ranging from nausea, restlessness, insomnia, ataxia, slurred speech and nystagmus to mood changes, perceptual alterations, inattention, disorientation and aggressive behavior (Rammer et al 1988; Katona and Watson 1986; Isbell and Fraser 1953; Devlin et al 1985; McCarthy 1971; Dodds and Revai 1967; Degkwitz 1964; Hildebrand et al 1989). There have also been two reported fatalities from DM overdoses (Fleming 1986). However, there are no reports describing the effects of chronic abuse. This report describes a case of cognitive deterioration resulting from prolonged use of DM.
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PMID:Cognitive deterioration from long-term abuse of dextromethorphan: a case report. 780 71

Six cases of acute baclofen (LIORESAL) overdose in children are reported. Rapid onset of central nervous system depression with respiratory depression was present to a greater or lesser degree in all patients. Agitation, convulsions and ataxia were also seen. The entire cohort responded to supportive management. An accurate assessment of the quantity of drug ingested was not possible. The need for education on safe drug storage and disposal is emphasized.
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PMID:Baclofen poisoning in children. 783 72

We report a patient who developed multifocal cerebral demyelination with the use of 5-fluorouracil, levamisole, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for intestinal adenocarcinoma. The clinical features were acute confusion, restlessness, ataxia, and slurred speech. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal enhancing white matter lesions. Brain biopsy showed a well-demarcated area of demyelination in cerebral white matter. The patient improved clinically and radiologically after cessation of chemotherapy and a short course of steroids. There have been only 4 previously reported cases of multifocal leukoencephalopathy related to the use of combination 5-fluorouracil and levamisole. The extensive use of these agents as adjuvant treatment for colorectal carcinoma may result in more frequent recognition of this form of neurological toxicity.
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PMID:Cerebral demyelination with 5-fluorouracil and levamisole. 803 57

Two instances of successful treatment of the rare ocular dyskinesia, opsoclonus, with chlormethiazole are reported. A 65-year-old woman had the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with carcinoma of the breast; her myoclonia and opsoclonus did not respond to intravenous diazepam or phenytoin. Treatment with intravenous chlormethiazole resulted in rapid control of her myoclonic attacks, followed by slower but complete resolution of the opsoclonus. Following control of the acute symptoms the patient was transferred to an oral chlormethiazole maintenance dose which was further reduced and subsequently discontinued after 5 months, when the patient's overall clinical status had improved. A 53-year-old man with opsoclonia, myoclonia, ataxia and encephalopathy, not associated with neoplasia, was given immunosuppressor drugs to establish basal control, and oral chlormethiazole for symptomatic treatment. Almost immediately after the initial dose of chlormethiazole the patient became more orientated; he was sedated and the agitation and myoclonic fits were brought under control quite quickly. The opsoclonus responded progressively and was completely resolved after a few days. The initial oral dose of chlormethiazole was gradually reduced and was discontinued after 5-6 months. Chlormethiazole was well tolerated; it may have an important role in the management of the rare opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome.
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PMID:Chlormethiazole in the management of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. 818 45

We present a 81-year old male who developed dementia, gait disturbance and right hemiparesis. He was well until the age of 74 when he developed a hemorrhagic infarction in the right occipital region, which left him left homonymous hemianopsia. One year later he had one TIA attack consisting of dizziness, headache, and some clouding of consciousness. At that time, atrial fibrillation was found. At age 79, he was attacked by right hemiparesis. Cranial CT scans revealed a lesion consistent with a hemorrhagic infarct in the left middle cerebral artery territory. Two months prior to his final admission, he had a gradual onset of forgetfulness, labile affect, nocturnal agitation and hallucination which were followed by gait disturbance and urinary incontinence. On admission, he was alert but moderately demented. In addition he showed difficulty in repetition, limb kinetic and ideomotor apraxia of the left hand indicative of sympathetic apraxia, and constructional apraxia bilaterally. Granial nerves appeared intact except for left homonymous hemianopsia. His gait was wide-based and small stepped. No weakness or ataxia was noted. Deep reflexes were diminished on the left side. Plantar reflex was equivocally extensor of the left. Light touch and pain was slightly diminished on the right side. Cranial CT scans revealed a large low density area in the left fronto-temporo-parietal region. Also ventricular dilatation, diffuse low density change in the subcortical white matter, and diffuse cortical atrophy were seen. His clinical course was complicated by melena, anemia, pneumonia, cardiac failure and renal failure. He expired 2 months after his admission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A 81-year-old man with dementia, gait disturbance, hemiparesis, and sympathetic apraxia]. 833 25

The onset of action and behavioural effects following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of midazolam were studied for 2 h in 20 awake, healthy cats. All cats, except one that received 0.05 mg/kg i.m., showed effects of the drug, whereas no effects were observed in cats administered only the vehicle in which midazolam was dissolved. The onset of action was rapid following both i.v. and i.m. administration, some cats became ataxic, while others assumed positions of sternal or lateral recumbency. Even after administration of the highest dose (5.0 mg/kg), anaesthesia was not induced, with swallowing reflexes and conscious perception of a clamp placed on the tail still present in all cats. An abnormal arousal state was observed in many cats after administration of midazolam. During the first hour, restlessness was more commonly observed, while from 1 to 2 h, sedation was more prominent in cats that received the highest dose. Ataxia occurred in all but one cat, was short-lived in cats that received the lower doses, but still present at 2 h in all cats that received 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg. Midazolam caused some of the cats to behave differently when approached and restrained compared with behavioural patterns identified prior to administration of the drug. The cats were more likely to behave abnormally following i.v. administration rather than i.m. administration and, for the most part, abnormal behaviour was equally distributed between the two extremes; cats being easier to approach and restrain and cats being more difficult to approach and restrain. Food consumption increased significantly, during the 2 h period, following all i.m. doses and all but the highest (5.0 mg/kg) i.v. dose, with most of the food being consumed in the first hour after administration.
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PMID:The behaviour of healthy awake cats following intravenous and intramuscular administration of midazolam. 880 79

The effects of intravenous administration of variable-dose midazolam and ketamine (3 mg/kg) were studied in twelve healthy unmedicated cats from time of administration until full recovery. A range of midazolam doses (0.0, 0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) was chosen, so that beneficial and/or detrimental effects could be documented and the therapeutic window for further study determined. One minute after administration of ketamine, all cats had assumed a lateral position, mostly with head up. Muscle tone was increased (100%), apneustic breathing pattern evident in 92% of cats, chewing without stimulation of the oropharyngeal area was observed in most cats (97%), but most cats did not salivate (87%). At 2.5 min after completion of ketamine injection and 1 min after administration of saline, a similar picture was observed, except that salivation was evident. All cats chewed or swallowed in response to a finger or laryngoscope placed in the oropharyngeal area and, while most cats were not aware of a noxious stimulus to the tail, some cats were aware of a noxious stimulus to the paw. Recovery from ketamine alone was rapid and smooth with cats rolling into sternal recumbency and then cautiously walking with ataxia. Recovery to walking without incoordination was also rapid (< 2 h) and no abnormal behavioural patterns were observed during recovery. Administration of midazolam after ketamine, had beneficial effects and the therapeutic window for midazolam was found to lie between 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg. Administration of any dose of midazolam after ketamine caused a greater proportion of cats to assume a laterally recumbent position with head down compared with ketamine alone, however, the time period of recumbency was only significantly longer with a midazolam dose of 2.0 mg/kg or above. Doses of midazolam of 0.5 mg/kg or above decreased muscle rigidity but did not affect salivation or respiratory pattern observed in cats which received ketamine alone. A significantly greater proportion of cats which received ketamine and midazolam 0.5 mg/kg or above did not swallow in response to a finger or a laryngoscope placed in the mouth compared with that which received ketamine alone. The length of time in which cats did not swallow was only significantly longer at midazolam doses of 1.0 mg/kg and above. At midazolam doses of 0.5 mg/kg or above, the proportion of cats without a nociceptive response to a tail or paw clamp was significantly greater than cats which received ketamine alone. The time period without nociceptive response, however, was not influenced by midazolam administration. The time taken for cats which received ketamine and midazolam 0.05 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg to assume sternal position, walk with ataxia, walk without ataxia, behave normally when approached or restrained and recover normal arousal state was not significantly different from cats which received ketamine alone. Ketamine and midazolam 5.0 mg/kg significantly prolonged all recovery times compared with ketamine alone. Unfortunately, a greater proportion of cats which received ketamine and midazolam 0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg exhibited detrimental behavioural effects. These were more likely to be adverse and included restlessness, vocalization and difficulty approaching and restraining cats. In this study, an effect of sex of the cats was found, with male cats taking a significantly longer to recover to sternal recumbency and walk with ataxia, while female cats took longer to recover to a normal arousal state.
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PMID:The effect of intravenous administration of variable-dose midazolam after fixed-dose ketamine in healthy awake cats. 880 80

Thirty-one patients, aged 12.6 +/- 5.6 years, with refractory seizures for 8 +/- 4.3 years, were treated with adjunctive vigabatrin. Twenty-four percent had a > 50% reduction in seizure frequency (95% one-sided confidence interval). Generalized myoclonic, atonic, and tonic clonic and partial, with and without secondary generalization, seizures were all reduced at a mean dose of 70 +/- 38 mg/kg/day. Comparison of vigabatrin therapy duration, for partial and generalized seizure groups, utilizing Kaplan-Meier methodology showed similar survival times. Vigabatrin therapy was ineffective in the four children with tuberous sclerosis. Transient somnolence, ataxia and dizziness were the most frequent side effects. A severe aggressive agitation occurred in three patients, and necessitated discontinuation of vigabatrin in one patient. Vigabatrin was as effective in generalized as in partial seizures in this study. Clinical utility may be limited by unacceptable behavioral side effects in some patients.
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PMID:Vigabatrin in childhood epilepsy: comparable efficacy for generalized and partial seizures. 882 92


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