Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004134 (ataxia)
 15,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy and tolerability of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA, GVG), given as add-on therapy to 23 adult outpatients with severe drug-resistant epilepsy (17 with partial seizures), were studied using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. The study consisted of two 7-week periods during which vigabatrin and placebo were administered in random sequence. Dosage was 1.0 g twice daily for patients weighing less than or equal to 65 kg and 1.5 g twice daily for patients weighing greater than 65 kg. Three patients were dropped from the study, two for reasons unrelated to treatment and one because of the appearance of vertigo, headache, dysarthria, and ataxia, which subsided rapidly when vigabatrin was stopped (3 g daily). Sixteen of the 20 patients available for analysis showed a decrease in the total number of seizures as compared with the placebo period. Of these, 12 showed a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency and 4 of the 12 showed a greater than 75% reduction. Both the total number of seizures and the number of partial seizures were significantly reduced by vigabatrin (p less than 0.01). Only in the patient who dropped out were severe adverse effects seen. The most frequently reported unwanted effect was mild drowsiness, which developed in seven patients on vigabatrin and in one on placebo. Positive effects, however, were also seen with six patients who reported an improved sense of well-being while receiving vigabatrin as compared with only 1 during the placebo period. No consistent changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and visual-, auditory-, and somatosensory-evoked potentials were seen during the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Vigabatrin in the treatment of epilepsy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 353 69

Imipramine hydrochloride was administered to five male horses (400-500 kg b.wt.): one experienced young stallion, two mature normal breeding stallions, one 5-year-old stallion with erection and ejaculatory dysfunction, and one long-term castrated male horse. Oral imipramine treatment (100 to 600 mg, twice daily) led to frequent erection and masturbation while at rest in the stall in a nonsexual context. Intravenous imipramine treatment over a range of doses (50 to 1000 mg) similarly induced erection and masturbation in all animals. Erection typically occurred within 10 minutes after injection, and the erection and masturbation continued intermittently for 1 to 2 hours. These erections proceeded as during sexual excitement to a normal firmness and eventual engorgement of the glans penis. Two stallions ejaculated while masturbating. Mild ataxia and drowsiness appeared at the higher doses, but the animals remained responsive to auditory, visual, and tactile stimuli. Erection and masturbation were often interrupted by activities about the barn or the approach of the handler, suggesting cortical inhibitory control of the erection. When tested in a sexual context immediately following IV treatment (500 mg), the two mature breeding stallions bred normally. The 5-year-old stallion, which had not ejaculated over several months of breeding attempts, spontaneously ejaculated following IV imipramine treatment. Subsequently, this stallion has ejaculated during copulation while on low dose oral (100 mg. twice daily) imipramine treatment. Plasma total androgens increased during treatment in these stallions. The long-term castrate showed erection and masturbation following IV imipramine treatment, suggesting that the effect of imipramine is not testosterone dependent.
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PMID:Imipramine-induced erection, masturbation, and ejaculation in male horses. 361 42

A multicenter survey of adverse drug reactions (ADR) to anticonvulsants was conducted in 15 university and hospital departments, including six epilepsy centers in Italy. Five hundred and nine patients undergoing chronic anticonvulsant therapy (greater than 3 months) were admitted to the study. Details of the main characteristics of the underlying disease, drug schedules, and ADR (including date of onset, type, involved tissue or organ, severity, duration, acceptability by the patient, clinical significance, referral pattern, and clinical implications) were provided. One or more ADR were recorded in 157 cases (31%), with a wide range of referrals among centers (6-79%). Of the 232 recorded ADR, 109 were definite, 84 were possible, and 26 were doubtful. In 54.5% of the cases ADR were reported by the patient, 52.5% were clinically important, 49.5% were permanent, and 67% were tolerable. In 53% of patients having ADR no decisions had been taken. Plasma levels of anticonvulsants were determined in 47% of cases and for 49% of the prescribed drugs. The proportion of cases with ADR was 22% in patients receiving monotherapy, 34.2% in patients treated with two drugs, and 44.4% in patients receiving three or more drugs. Thirty-three percent of patients taking phenytoin as the only drug had ADR as compared with 23, 15, and 12% of patients treated with phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and sodium valproate or depamide. Somnolence was the commonest complaint (51 cases), followed by gingival hyperplasia (34 cases), nystagmus (23 cases), and ataxia (16 cases). These findings provide a real-life profile of the ADR to anticonvulsants, with inclusion of the factors likely to influence the behavior of the practicing physicians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs: a multicenter survey of clinical practice. Collaborative Group for Epidemiology of Epilepsy. 372 Jun 93

The irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor vigabatrin (VGB) was given in a single-blind fashion to 89 patients with complex partial seizures (CPS) refractory to conventional drugs. The median number of CPS per month decreased from 11.0 to 5.0 after addition of VGB, and 51% of patients had a 50% or greater decrease in CPS frequency (p less than 0.001). Side effects (principally drowsiness, ataxia, and headache) occurred mainly during the initiation of therapy and decreased during therapy. After 12 weeks on VGB, side effects significantly interfered with functioning in only 13% of patients, and the efficacy:toxicity ratio warranted continued administration in 74% of patients. Coadministration of VGB resulted in a mean decrease of 20% in phenytoin serum concentration (p less than 0.001). Sixty-six patients with a favorable response to VGB during the single-blind study have been followed for a median of 16.7 months on VGB. No serious systemic or neurologic toxicity has been detected, and most patients have retained their initial favorable CPS control.
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PMID:Vigabatrin for refractory complex partial seizures: multicenter single-blind study with long-term follow-up. 380 98

Calea zacatechichi is a plant used by the Chontal Indians of Mexico to obtain divinatory messages during dreaming. At human doses, organic extracts of the plant produce the EEG and behavioral signs of somnolence and induce light sleep in cats. Large doses elicit salivation, ataxia, retching and occasional vomiting. The effects of the plant upon cingulum discharge frequency were significantly different from hallucinogenic-dissociative drugs (ketamine, quipazine, phencyclidine and SKF-10047). In human healthy volunteers, low doses of the extracts administered in a double-blind design against placebo increased reaction time and time-lapse estimation. A controlled nap sleep study in the same volunteers showed that Calea extracts increased the superficial stages of sleep and the number of spontaneous awakenings. The subjective reports of dreams were significantly higher than both placebo and diazepam, indicating an increase in hypnagogic imagery occurring during superficial sleep stages.
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PMID:Psychopharmacologic analysis of an alleged oneirogenic plant: Calea zacatechichi. 382 Nov 39

Sixty patients (age-range one month to 14 years) with other types of epilepsy than infantile spasms were treated with clonazepam. Disappearance of seizures and normalization of abnormal EEG with disappearance of seizures were recognized in 77% and 50%, respectively. Seizures disappeared in 71% of the patients with generalized seizures and 89% of partial seizures. Improvement of abnormal EEG was noticed in 76% of diffuse paroxysms and in 67% of focal paroxysms. In excellent cases, mean effective dosages were 0.086 +/- 0.021 mg/kg/day in infants and 0.057 +/- 0.022 mg/kg/day in schoolchildren, this difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.005). The incidence of side effects such as drowsiness and ataxia was only 5%.
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PMID:Clonazepam monotherapy for epilepsy in childhood. 383 50

A case note study of 90 children with tuberous sclerosis showed that 56 had taken nitrazepam for seizures for from one month to 13 years. In 38 children nitrazepam was withdrawn but only two had immediate major seizures. Given that sleepiness, deterioration in motor skills, or ataxia seems to be associated in some children with treatment with nitrazepam, doctors may wish to review their long term prescriptions of this drug in children with tuberous sclerosis.
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PMID:Prolonged use of nitrazepam for epilepsy in children with tuberous sclerosis. 392 2

Two subchronic studies were conducted to assess the potential toxicity of N-D-ornithyl amphotericin B methyl ester (OAME). In both studies the comparative control substance was amphotericin B (AMB). Dogs (5/sex/group) were given OAME (82% pure, based on high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis) at 0.6, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg or AMB at 0.6 mg/kg intravenously once daily for 3 months. Two dogs per sex per group were retained for a 7-week postdose observation period. Rats (15/sex/group) were given daily doses of OAME at 4, 12, 24, and 36 mg/kg or AMB at 5 and 12 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 3 months. The principal organs of toxicity in both species were the liver, kidneys, and circulating erythrocytes. Hepatic changes in dogs consisted of periportal and centrilobular inflammation in animals of all dosed groups and were equivalent in dogs given 0.6 mg/kg OAME or AMB. In rats, acute hepatic necrosis with periportal, centrilobular, or panlobular distribution in animals of all OAME (except 4 mg/kg) and AMB-dosed groups was observed. These changes were equivalent in the 36-mg/kg OAME- and 12-mg/kg AMB-dosed animals. Renal changes, evidenced by increases in serum urea nitrogen water consumption, urine volume, decreased urine osmolality, and renal tubular changes (ranging from degeneration and regeneration to necrosis), were observed in both species. In dogs, these changes in the OAME-dosed animals were less severe at all doses than those observed in the AMB-dosed dogs. Renal changes in rats, which were mild in comparison to the dogs, were equivalent at doses of 5 and 12 mg/kg AMB and 36 mg/kg OAME. Decreased erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values were observed in both species. Unique to the dog study, however, were irreversible behavioral (somnolence, ataxia, tremors, and compulsive searching) and/or morphologic brain changes (gliosis with astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia) at doses of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg OAME. Similar changes were observed in two dogs given 10 mg/kg OAME (100% pure, based on HPLC analysis) in a 6-week pilot study, indicating that the neurological changes were induced by OAME rather than by an impurity. These changes appear related to prolonged exposure to high plasma concentrations of OAME.
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PMID:Subchronic toxicity studies of N-D-ornithyl amphotericin B methyl ester in dogs and rats. 404 96

A double-blind crossover comparison of medazepam 10 mg three times a day against amylobarbitone 60 mg three times a day in outpatients with neurotic anxiety showed that medazepam was superior in relieving symptoms. At this dose of medazepam drowsiness or ataxia was rarely a problem.
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PMID:Medazepam compared with amylobarbitone in treatment of anxiety. 492 30

The anticonvulsant activity of nitrazepam (Mogadon) was studied in 31 children with various seizure patterns. Dosage ranged from 0.3 to 2.2 mg. per kg. body weight daily.Eleven of 15 children with minor motor seizures showed improvement and six obtained complete relief. Nine of 16 with miscellaneous seizures were improved, but only one was completely relieved and the other eight responded to a variable extent. In cases with more than one type of seizure, the myoclonic elements were those most often diminished, but sometimes this effect was only temporary. Side effects were transient and usually mild, consisting of drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech and excessive secretion of mucus and saliva. However, three cases of aspiration pneumonia were encountered and may have been at least partly due to the side effects. No hematological or biochemical abnormalities were observed.The results indicate that nitrazepam is a relatively safe and effective drug in the treatment of minor motor seizures, particularly infantile spasms, and is even more useful than ACTH in this serious form of epilepsy. In older children its value is chiefly for myoclonic seizures, but the degree and duration of its effectiveness appear to be more limited.
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PMID:Nitrazepam in the treatmet of epilepsy in childhood. 555 May 46


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