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Query: UMLS:C0004134 (ataxia)
 15,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Disproportionate enlargement or isolation of the fourth ventricle are rare complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Obvious features such as ataxia may indicate raised intracranial pressure in the posterior fossa. The child may, however, present with less specific signs of vomiting, anorexia, and lethargy and these symptoms may be misinterpreted as secondary to dilation of the lateral ventricular system due to malfunction of the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Two children with disproportionate enlargement of the fourth ventricle and two children with isolation of the fourth ventricle are described to illustrate the wide variations in clinical presentation. These rare complications can be diagnosed by real time ultrasound examination of the brain or computed tomography of the head. They should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child who deteriorates after lateral ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus, and dealt with specifically to avoid the risk of upward herniation of the enlarged fourth ventricle.
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PMID:Specific enlargement of the fourth ventricle after ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus. 349 66

Case records of horses with equine ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia equi) at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and Ackerman Creek Large Animal Clinic were analyzed for evaluation of clinical signs, time of onset, hematologic values, response to treatment, and recovery. Equine ehrlichiosis was found to be seasonal in horses in the foothills of northern California, with higher incidence than reported previously. The horses developed fever, anorexia, depression, limb edema, icterus, and ataxia. Hematologic changes were leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, icterus, anemia, and inclusion bodies in the neutrophils and eosinophils. Diagnosis was made by observing the characteristic inclusion bodies, using a standard Wright's stain. Mortality was low, although complications of opportunistic secondary infection and injury due to ataxia did develop. Treatment with tetracycline resulted in prompt clinical improvement within 24 hours. Chronic cases were not detected. Equine ehrlichiosis should be differentiated from diseases with similar clinical signs including encephalitis, liver disease, purpura hemorrhagica, equine infectious anemia, and equine viral arteritis.
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PMID:Equine ehrlichiosis in northern California: 49 cases (1968-1981). 355 86

Yearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed a purified diet with and without thiamin supplementation for 30 wk, at which time overt signs of thiamin deficiency appeared in the deficient group. Overt signs of thiamin deficiency were anorexia, darkening and ataxia. Death rapidly followed the development of overt thiamin deficiency. Transketolase activity and thiamin pyrophosphate levels were measured monthly in erythrocyte and liver samples. Significant differences in erythrocyte transketolase activity between fish fed the thiamin-deficient and control diets were measured after 24 wk of feeding. No significant difference in liver transketolase activity was found between trout fed diets with or without thiamin supplementation. Thiamin pyrophosphate levels were significantly lower in erythrocytes and liver of fish fed the thiamin-deficient diet after 16 wk of feeding. Thiamin pyrophosphate levels in erythrocytes and liver were found to be a more sensitive indicator of thiamin status of rainbow trout than erythrocyte or liver transketolase activity.
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PMID:Comparison of transketolase activity and thiamin pyrophosphate levels in erythrocytes and liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) as indicators of thiamin status. 362 13

A 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare, with a history of anorexia, dramatic weight loss, fluctuating pyrexia and intermittent diarrhoea after an episode of colic, was presented for examination with depression, emaciation and ataxia. Thoracic and abdominal paracenteses yielded copious quantities of inflammatory exudate. Palpation per rectum revealed an enlarged spleen. The primary alterations in haematology included a severe leucocytosis with a left shift, and a hyperproteinaemia characterised by hypoalbuminaemia and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Post-mortem examination revealed a low grade pleurisy and peritonitis with fluid accumulation in both cavities. A suppurative gastritis with full thickness perforations of the stomach wall associated with Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae had extended to the juxtaposed organ initiating an extensive suppurative splenitis. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was cultured.
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PMID:Suppurative splenitis and peritonitis in a horse after gastric ulceration caused by larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis. 363 94

Six cases of accidental salinomycin poisoning in horses are described. The horses were fed a contaminated ration and presented clinical signs which were extremely varied in nature and severity. However, the range of signs, including anorexia, colic, weakness and ataxia bore similarities to those described in horses poisoned with the related ionophore monensin. Other similarities became apparent in serum biochemical profiles of the clinical cases. Although ionophore toxicity is rarely reported in horses they appear to be particularly susceptible, and it should therefore be considered as a differential diagnosis of digestive upsets or locomotory disorders at establishments where ionophore-treated feeds are used therapeutically in other species.
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PMID:Salinomycin poisoning in horses. 367 48

Biochemical parameters in 20 sheep were investigated following administration of quinuronium sulfate or diminazene diaceturate. The usual signs of salivation, micturition, anorexia, depression, muscular tremors and ataxia were observed within 20 min in sheep receiving therapeutic and double doses of quinuronium sulfate. There was an increased dose dependent plasma LDH activity above baseline values following administration of quinuronium sulfate and a non-dose dependent increased trend in diminazene diaceturate treatment. Plasma CK activity had an increased trend (p less than 0.05) above baseline values following administration of the two babesicides. Plasma BUN levels increased significantly (p less than 0.05) following administration of the two drugs. This study indicated that quinuronium sulfate is more organotoxic and hypotensive than diminazene diaceturate at therapeutic and/or above therapeutic dosages.
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PMID:Comparative studies of the effects of quinuronium sulfate and diminazene diaceturate in sheep. 408 73

The benzodiazepines are the most effective, safest, and most widely used antianxiety drugs. As a class of drugs, there are few major differences between the various benzodiazepine derivatives. The main distinguishing features are different plasma half-lives and the presence or absence of pharmacologically active metabolites. Plasma half-lives vary considerably, from 2 to 3 hours to more than 100 hours. All benzodiazepines are equally effective in the short term management of anxiety and insomnia, and their classification into 'anxiolytics' and 'hypnotics' is not justified. There are numerous other indications for benzodiazepine use, such as muscle spasm in osteoarthritic conditions, and acute alcohol withdrawal, but the benzodiazepines have no antidepressive or analgesic effects. While there is no good evidence for their long term efficacy in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia, the benzodiazepines are more effective and safer than their main predecessors, the barbiturates. Some of the benzodiazepines, particularly those with long plasma half-lives which are commonly used as hypnotics, have a prolonged duration of action and cause marked 'hang-over' effects. Alcohol enhances the effects of these drugs, and thus can also increase their side effects. Adversely effects such as oversedation, tremor, ataxia and confusion are much more common in elderly patients. Ever since the benzodiazepines were first marketed 20 years ago their use has increased rapidly, and it is now estimated that between 12 and 16% of the adult population in developed countries use tranquillisers at some time each year. However, their overall use has probably diminished somewhat in the last few years. Although their indications are very common, it is possible that some of this extensive usage may be the result of dependence. Until recently, published reports of such dependence were comparatively few. However, withdrawal symptoms have now been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of patients on long term, normal dose benzodiazepine treatment. The abstinence syndrome usually lasts for 8 to 10 days, and is characterised by insomnia, anxiety, loss of appetite and bodyweight, tremor, perspiration, and a host of perceptual disturbances. More serious developments such as epileptic fits and psychosis are probably infrequent during withdrawal from therapeutic doses. The overall incidence of benzodiazepine dependence remains unknown.
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PMID:Rational use of anxiolytic/sedative drugs. 613 9

Dementia, a syndrome of acquired intellectual deterioration, is an etiologically nonspecific condition that can be permanent or reversible. When evaluating demented patients, a careful exposure history will determine the possible role of drugs, metals, or toxins. Physical examination may reveal focal deficits in cases of intracranial mass lesions and spasticity or ataxia of the lower limbs if hydrocephalus is present. Coexistence of dementia and a peripheral neuropathy usually indicates the existence of a toxic or metabolic disorder. Depressed mood, sleep disturbance, anorexia, impotence, constipation, and psychomotor retardation indicate the presence of a depressive syndrome. Asterixis, myoclonus, and postural tremor are common in toxic-metabolic dementias, whereas resting tremor, choreoathetosis, or rigidity occur in progressive extrapyramidal disorder. EEG is focally abnormal in cases of cerebral mass lesions and shows generalized slowing in toxic-metabolic encephalopathies. CT will aid in the identification of hydrocephalus, subdural hematomas, and intracranial mass lesions. A thorough laboratory evaluation including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen and blood sugar, liver and thyroid function tests, serum calcium and phosphorus levels, B12 and folate levels, serum copper and ceruloplasmin, VDRL, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, and lumbar puncture may demonstrate treatable disorders that are adversely affecting intellectual function. Elderly individuals are particularly susceptible to the effects of toxic or metabolic disorders, and a mild dementia may be exaggerated by relatively minor fluctuations in metabolic status. Treatable causes of dementia should be sought in all demented patients.
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PMID:Treatable dementias. 635 58

The clinical and clinicopathologic effects of excess oral pyridoxine hydrochloride (150 mg/kg body weight/day) and clioquinol (200 mg/kg body weight/day) alone and in combination were evaluated in adult Beagle dogs over an experimental period of approximately 100 days. Anorexia and loss of body weight occurred in the first weeks of the trial period in each treatment group, but was most severe in dogs given both compounds. Dogs in each treatment group (10 of 10 pyridoxine-treated dogs, 6 of 13 clioquinol-treated dogs and 12 of 13 pyridoxine plus clioquinol-treated dogs) developed neurologic disease, manifested principally by ataxia. Pyridoxine-treated dogs had proprioceptive loss involving both fore- and hindquarters, characterized by stiff, spastic, dysmetric leg movements. In clioquinol-treated dogs, dysmetric leg movements were accompanied by failure to support body weight in the hindquarters, but similar forelimb involvement occurred in severely affected dogs. The neurologic disease in dogs given both compounds varied; signs in some dogs resembled those of affected dogs of the pyridoxine-treated group, and in others, those in clioquinol-treated group. Erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations and packed cell volumes were reduced in dogs in each treatment group and were lowest in dogs given both compounds. Plasma protein was mildly reduced in dogs given pyridoxine or pyridoxine plus clioquinol. Few or no differences were present in the leukocyte counts, blood urea nitrogen concentrations, in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and in concentrations of sodium, chloride or potassium in treated dogs as compared to control dogs.
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PMID:The subacute neurotoxicity of excess pyridoxine HCl and clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) in beagle dogs. I. Clinical disease. 645 37

Naturally occurring cases of poisoning of cattle by Cestrum parqui were characterised by ataxia, depression, recumbency, convulsions and death. Three cattle were dosed experimentally by intrarumenal administration of fresh plant material. One calf died 48 h after receiving 30 g (wet weight) of plant/kg bodyweight. Doses of 11 and 17 g/kg caused only mild intoxication, with dullness and anorexia lasting 2 days. In natural and experimental cases the main lesion was hepatic periacinar necrosis. Elevated levels of plasma aspartate transaminase and prolonged prothrombin times were demonstrated in experimental cases. Haemorrhage beneath the serosa and into the intestinal lumen occurred in field cases, but not in the experimental. It is concluded that C. parqui poisoning in cattle is a primary hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:Cestrum parqui (green cestrum) poisoning in cattle. 651 79


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