Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004134 (ataxia)
 15,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Similar movement disorders developed in two 8-year-old retarded children while they were receiving phenytoin. Seizures subsequent to a diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunization had developed in each child at 1 to 2 months of age. A static encephalopathy ensued, characterized by mental retardation, ataxia, spasticity, and a mixed seizure disorder. Intermittent dystonia and choreoathetosis developed insidiously while serum phenytoin concentrations were in the therapeutic range. Sustained dystonia and choreoatheosis developed 2 hours after an oral provocation with phenytoin. The baseline abnormalities on the electroencephalogram remained unchanged during the choreoathetosis. Recognizable metabolic abnormalities known to be associated with similar movement disorders were excluded. It was concluded from these studies that the movement disorder is secondary to phenytoin and can occur at therapeutic serum concentrations. Phenytoin is a central anticholinergic agent and a central stimulant of serotonin, and may induce movement disorders as a result of altering these neurotransmitters in the brain. The variable expression of these movement disorders may relate to the nature of the preexisting striatal insult.
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PMID:Phenytoin-induced dystonia and choreoathetosis in two retarded epileptic children. 94 1

The reduction of neurogenic posttetanic potentiation in the slow twitch, soleus muscle is an index of impaired motor nerve function in cats with organophosphate-induced neuropathy. We have applied the measurement of posttetanic potentiation to study the functional state of the slow, tonic, plantaris muscle and its motor innervation in adult White Leghorn hens with tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP)-induced neuropathy. At suitable intervals following single oral doses of vehicle or TOTP (500 mg/kg), nerve conduction velocity and posttetanic potentiation were measured in anesthetized hens. Conduction in the sciatic nerve was not altered by TOTP. The plantaris muscle of birds treated with vehicle (peanut oil) either failed to contract or responded to nerve stimulation at 0.4 Hz with very small twitches. Following nerve stimulation at frequencies inducing tetanus (50-140 Hz), the muscles responded with large, slow twitches that gradually decayed in amplitude. The area under the curve formed by the amplitude of these twitches over time (posttetanic potentiation) was directly proportional to the frequency and duration of nerve stimulation. In hens at 1,2, and 4 weeks following treatment with TOTP, the average amount of posttetanic potentiation was reduced concomitantly with the development of ataxia, paralysis, and pathological changes in the peripheral nerves. This difference between vehicle- and TOTP-treated hens was not significant, owing to large interbird variations. Since TOTP-treated hens showed greater disturbances in gait following moderate exercise, the fatigue of posttetanic potentiation with periodic neuronal stimulation was measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The function of motor nerves innervating slow tonic skeletal muscle in hens with delayed neuropathy induced by tri-o-tolyl phosphate. 650 74

Many of the nervous and muscular locomotor disorders that affect sheep throughout Australia are commonly referred to as "staggers" syndromes. The range of clinical signs displayed by sheep suffering these disorders is sufficiently diverse to enable each syndrome to be graded into one of 5 progressive clinical groups. The first group, the limb paresis syndromes, includes the primary myopathies associated with the ingestion of Ixiolaena brevicompta, Malva parviflora, and Trachymene ochracea, as well as selenium and Vitamin E disorders, Paroo virus staggers, congenital progressive muscular dystrophy, humpy back, hypocalcaemic muscle weakness, Tribulus terrestris staggers and tetanus. The second group is characterised by limb paresis with knuckling of the fetlocks, and includes the plant-associated toxicities of Romulea rosea, Stachys arvensis, Trachyandra divaricata, and Tribulus micrococcus, together with haloxon toxicity, enzootic ataxia (copper deficiency), and the probably genetic disorders of segmental axonopathy, neuroaxonal dystrophy, and degenerative thoracic myelopathy. Other locomotor disorders that fit more loosely into this group are listerial myelitis (post-dipping staggers), vitamin A deficiency, cervico-thoracic vertebral subluxation Stypandra glauca toxicity, Ipomoea spp toxicity, ivermectin toxicity, and botulism. The third group, the falling syndromes, includes the probably genetic disorders of thalamic cerebellar neuropathy, cerebellar abiotrophy, and globoid cell leucodystrophy, together with Swainsona spp toxicity. The fourth group, the falling syndromes, includes the plant associated toxicities of phalaris staggers, perennial rye grass staggers and nervous ergotism (Claviceps paspali).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The clinical differentiation of nervous and muscular locomotor disorders of sheep in Australia. 852 19

We investigated the anticonvulsant and adverse behavioral effects of lamotrigine (LTG), a novel antiepileptic drug (AED), as well as other conventional AEDs on kindled seizures in rats. We also applied an anticonvulsive dose of LTG in vivo to rats in which the hippocampus had been subjected to long-term potentiation (LTP). LTG potently attenuated limbic-kindled seizures in a dose-dependent fashion, at doses at which animals showed no adverse behavioral effects. LTG was effective in preventing kindled seizures for up to 24 h after a single i.p. administration. The anticonvulsant effects of LTG were reversed when the stimulus current was raised to two or three times the generalized seizure-triggering threshold. Among the AEDs examined, valproate and LTG were the only drugs that engendered a potent anticonvulsant effect without concomitant adverse behavioral effects. Although all of the other AEDs exhibited anticonvulsant effects with various potencies, they produced adverse effects such as sedation or motor ataxia. Furthermore, an anticonvulsant dose of LTG did not affect either the induction or maintenance of tetanus-induced LTP in the hippocampus. These results indicate that LTG potently suppresses limbic-kindled seizures by raising the seizure triggering-threshold in the kindling focus at doses that do not affect LTP in the hippocampus.
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PMID:Effects of lamotrigine and conventional antiepileptic drugs on amygdala- and hippocampal-kindled seizures in rats. 971 1

The primary lesions of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus infection in the horse are limited to the brain and spinal cord. Intestinal lesions in addition to the changes in the central nervous system were found in a 6-month-old male Tennessee Walking Horse. One week prior to death, this colt was vaccinated for EEE virus, western equine encephalomyelitis virus, influenza virus, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, and tetanus. The clinical signs consisted of ataxia and rear-end weakness, with a body temperature of 102.8 F. Gross lesions consisted of yellowish discoloration, swelling, edema, and hemorrhage of the brain stem and dark discoloration of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Microscopic lesions in the small intestine were mainly in the muscular layer and consisted of multifocal areas of myonecrosis and lymphomonocytic infiltration with a few focal areas of mild fibrous connective tissue proliferation. Occasional focal mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltration was observed in the submucosa. Lesions in the brain and spinal cord consisted of widespread areas of perivascular lymphomonocytic cuffing, focal areas of necrosis, neutrophilic infiltration, hemorrhage, neuronal degeneration, and gliosis. Hepatic changes consisted of periportal lymphocytic infiltration and mild vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. EEE virus was isolated from the intestine and detected by DNA in situ hybridization.
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PMID:Intestinal lesions in a horse associated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. 982 95

Vaccinations protect to a high degree against infectious diseases, but may cause side effects. In the Netherlands since 1962 the adverse events following immunizations are registered and analysed by the National Institute of Health and Environment (RIVM). Since 1983 a permanent Committee of the Dutch Health Council reviews adverse events reported to the RIVM. With the so-called killed vaccines the side effects are mainly local (redness, swelling, pain) or general (fever, listlessness, irritability, sleep and eating problems). They are seen mainly after DPT-IPV vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and poliomyelitis. Some side effects occur rarely (collapse reactions, discoloured legs, persistent screaming and convulsions) and very rarely serious neurological events are reported. After MMR vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella, cases of arthritis, thrombocytopenia and ataxia are reported sporadically. Usually, they have a spontaneous recovery. During recent years a scala of diseases or symptoms have been associated with vaccination (presumed side effects). Careful and extensive investigations have shown that such hypotheses could not be supported. Examples are allergic diseases as asthma, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis (after hepatitis B vaccination), autism and inflammatory bowel disease (after MMR vaccination) and sudden infant death syndrome. The total number of cases where at least a possible relation between side effects and vaccination is observed--apart from local reactions and moderate general symptoms--is very rare (about 0.25 per 1000 vaccinations) and does not balance the benefits from vaccination. There appears increasing doubt about the use and safety of vaccinations. More research is needed about the motives of people to choose for and against vaccination. The education about vaccination for parents and professionals who are involved with vaccination has to be improved. Internet can play an important role.
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PMID:[Childhood vaccinations anno 2004. II. The real and presumed side effects of vaccination]. 1503 89

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is known to occur spontaneously in association with specific and non-specific viral illnesses and after vaccination against various pathogens. Although it is often a self-limited monophasic illness, the fatality rate is estimated to be as high as 20%, and many patients suffer residual neurologic impairment 1. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical and radiological findings. The clinical presentation varies from merely, an asymptomatic condition to loss of consciousness, seizures, ataxia, optic neuropathy, cranial nerve palsies, and motor dysfunction. MRI of the brain is the single most important diagnostic radiological investigation and can facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment. This case report describes a patient with ADEM presenting with only seizures after vaccination with anti-tetanus toxin.
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PMID:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) presenting with seizures secondary to anti-tetanus toxin vaccination. 1519 Jun 71

Three adult horses were evaluated for signs of musculoskeletal pain, dullness, ataxia, and seizures. A diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was made on the basis of results of CSF analysis. Because primary bacterial meningitis is so rare in adult horses without any history of generalized sepsis or trauma, immune function testing was pursued. Flow cytometric phenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed, and proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide was determined. Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG concentrations were measured by means of radial immunodiffusion, and serum concentrations of IgG isotypes were assessed with a capture antibody ELISA. Serum tetanus antibody concentrations were measured before and 1 month after tetanus toxoid administration. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity of isolated peripheral blood phagocytes were evaluated by means of simultaneous flow cytometric analysis. Persistent B-cell lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and abnormal in vitro responses to mitogens were detected in all 3 horses, and a diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency was made.
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PMID:Common variable immunodeficiency in three horses with presumptive bacterial meningitis. 1601 46

Veterinarians working under remote field conditions are routinely presented with variety of surgical interventions in equines like castrations, management of wound, traumatic and congenital hernias and musculoskeletal disorders thus necessitating the use of general anaesthesia for management of these conditions. The present study was carried out to evaluate and recommend the suitable short term anaesthetic technique for Spiti ponies under field conditions. Seven clinically healthy male Spiti ponies presented for castration were evaluated for short term Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) using detomidine (0.02 mg kg(-1)), butorphanol (0.01 mg kg(-1)), 5% guaifenesin (20 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (2.0 mg kg(-1)). The studies conducted were open label trials and all the animals received same treatment. After proper tetanus prophylaxis and preanesthetic fasting, detomidine was administered intravenously. Subsequently at head down position the animals received butorphanol intravenously. Thereafter, guaifenesin was administered intravenously. As soon as the signs of ataxia developed, the induction of surgical anaesthesia was achieved by intravenous administration of ketamine hydrochloride. The onset of sedation was observed in 2.43 +/- 0.53 min following detomidine administration and the animals were ataxic in 1.43 +/- 0.43 min after butorphanol and guaifenesin administration when ketamine was injected. The ponies were in surgical plane of anaesthesia within 2.28 +/- 0.42 min following ketamine administration. During recovery the limb/head movement and sternal recumbency were attained in 18.71 +/- 1.98 and 26.14 +/- 1.62 min, respectively whereas standing ataxia and normal gait were seen at 29.42 +/- 3.21 and 71.14 +/- 4.74 min, respectively. There was excellent to good muscle relaxation. The surgical anaesthesia remained for 22.57 +/- 1.48 min. The recovery was smooth. Moderate to good suppression of palpebral and corneal reflexes were observed immediately after induction and during anaesthesia. The analgesia was excellent. A highly significant (p < 0.01) to significant (p < 0.05) decrease in respiration rate was observed after induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery. The mean SpO2 value in equines of this group was 76.50 +/- 4.14 and 83.33 +/- 4.18% after induction and during anaesthesia, respectively. Some of the blood biochemical parameters like plasma alanine amino transferase (ALT), total proteins and glucose showed significant increase without clinical consequence. It was concluded that detomidine (0.02 mg kg(-1)), butorphanol (0.01 mg kg(-1)), guaifenesin 5% (20 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (2.0 mg kg(-1)) combination can safely be used for short term total intravenous anaesthesia in equines under field conditions where the monitoring facilities are meager.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of detomidine-butorphanol-guaifenesin-ketamine as short term TIVA in Spiti ponies. 2223 6

Acute cerebellar ataxia is the most common cause of childhood ataxia, usually resulting from infections or vaccinations. Cases of acute cerebellar ataxia have been reported as a consequence of several viral and bacterial infections as well as immunizing agents, such as varicella, influenza, hepatitis B, and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccines. Although immunization with meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines has been associated with several neurological side effects, acute cerebellar ataxia has not been previously reported. The authors describe a case of a 12-year-old girl exhibiting acute cerebellar ataxia following meningococcal group C conjugate vaccination. In this patient, cerebellar symptoms started within 24 hours from the vaccination, and infective causes have been ruled out by serum and liquoral analyses. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were normal. Progressive clinical improvement was obtained after corticosteroid treatment. This case increases the small number of postvaccinal ataxias and contributes to further clarifying the complex pathogenesis of this disorder.
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PMID:Acute cerebellar ataxia following meningococcal group C conjugate vaccination. 2327 34


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