Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004093 (asthenia)
 2,650 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We relate two cases of amineptine (Survector) overconsumption by patients cured for atypical depression with asthenia and activities deficit as the prevalent symptoms. Prescription of two tablets a day (0,200 g) was respected in one case during six months, and in the other case during two years, with therapeutic benefit on apragmatism. To no obvious reason, within few months both patients had gradually raised the doses to twenty tablets (2 g) and thirty tablets (3 g) respectively: we observed subexcitation, insomnia, sensorial hyperaesthesia, irritability, tachyphemia with dysarthria, anorexia with weight lost of more than 10 kg and amphetamine-like troubles without confusion or delusion, as a result of which both patients were treated for their addiction, in hospital. Treatment with clorazepate perfusions did not cause any physical dependence problems. However, psychological dependence was strong enough for one of the patients to go out, on the third day, against medical decision. As far as we know, in France, only one such case of addiction use at high doses and in single intakes is mentioned in the existing literature. However, our observations suggest that it might be necessary to re-assess the place of amineptine among new antidepressive molecules with psychostimulant abilities.
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PMID:[2 cases of amineptine dependence]. 614 28

A study on AIDS subjects carried out at the Calmette Hospital in Phnom-Penh between the 1st January 97 and the 30th December 98. The objective of this study was to describe the most frequent clinical manifestations as well as the opportunistic infections according to the 1993 CDC classification (purely clinical classification). Three hundred and fifty six AIDS patients hospitalized in medicine B were included in our study. A complete file was prepared for each subject, specifying his/her social and family situation, profession, sexual behavior and history. The clinical condition was specified and the paraclinical examinations were recorded. The average age was 35 years with 250 men and 106 women, i.e. a M/F sex ratio of 2.4. The majority of male contaminations were due to sexual relationships with multiple partners, 82%, and women with a single partner was of 78%. The use of condoms was of 60% (versus 40% occasional); the extent of drug-addiction was 1.12% (4 cases). A history of STD was found in 56% of cases. The presenting symptoms most frequently found were asthenia, anorexia, fever and weight-loss. In decreasing order, the clinical manifestations often associated were: weight-loss > 10% or a catechetic condition 58.70% (209/356), fever > 38 degrees C >1 month 53% (189/356), diarrhea (> one month) 41.60% (148/356). The most frequent opportunistic infections were: oral candidiasis 51.40% (183/356) and 40% are oro-oesophageal (oral candidiasis + dysphagia or odynphagia), pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculoses (TB) 43.50% (155/356) (pulmonary TB in 65.16%, TB of the lymph nodes 23.22% and disseminated TB and cerebral TB 11.61%), cryptococcal meningitis 11.80% (42/356) and pneumocystosis 6.50% (23/356), CMV retinitis 1.12% (4/356). The other opportunistic manifestations such as toxoplasmosis and Kaposis sarcoma are much more rarely encountered due to the difficulties of the paraclinical diagnosis. The mortality in the department was of 17.40% (62/356). In conclusions, tuberculosis is the most frequent of the opportunistic infections in Cambodia. Cryptococcal meningitis is in 3rd place for opportunistic infections. It is the first diagnosis that should be evoked in a meningeal irritation.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of AIDS at the Calmette hospital in Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia A report on 356 patients hospitalized in the Medicine "B" Department of the Calmette Hospital]. 1131 28

Sydnocarb [(phenylisopropyl)N-phenylcarbamoylsydnonimine; SYD] was introduced to clinical practice in Russia as a psychostimulant drug used for the treatment of asthenia and apathy, which accompany schizophrenia and manic depression. It has been described as a psychostimulant with addiction liability and toxicity less than amphetamine (AMPH). The precise cellular mechanisms by which sydnocarb elicits its psychostimulant effect are still unclear. At present its neurochemical and neurotoxic effects are compared to those of AMPH in the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia. The expression of c-fos protein in striatal neurons was much more increased after a single injection of D-AMPH (5 mg/kg) than after an equimolar concentration of SYD (23.8 mg/kg) in both the anterior and the posterior part of the striatum. Using in situ hybridization on striatal slices, we observed that AMPH increased the striatal levels of preprodynorphin (PPDYN) mRNAs in both parts of the striatum, while SYD did not affect basal levels of PPDYN mRNAs. Furthermore, AMPH and SYD increased striatal preprotachykinin (PPT-A) and preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA levels. The effects of AMPH and SYD on PPT-A-mRNA levels were similar. A differential effect of AMPH and SYD was observed only on the PPE-mRNA levels measured in the anterior striatum where SYD increased these levels more than AMPH. The acute neurotoxicity of these two psychostimulants was analyzed by measuring their effects on the parameters of oxidative stress, such as nitric oxide (NO) generation, as well as specific indices of lipid peroxidation (i.e., thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS), while, on the other hand, the alpha-tocopherol level was taken as an index of antioxidant defense processes. Measuring generation of NO directly by electron paramagnetic resonance, it was observed that AMPH shows a more pronounced increase in comparison to SYD, in the striatum and in cortex. TBARS levels in the striatum and cortex were significantly less enhanced than AMPH after a single injection of SYD. Similarly, the alpha-tocopherol level was decreased only by AMPH in the striatum, and neither AMPH nor SYD had any effect in the cortex. Results show that a single injection of a high dose of AMPH is able to induce several neurotoxic effects. The study also demonstrates that SYD has mild neurochemical effects as well as fewer neurotoxic properties than AMPH.
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PMID:Neurochemical changes and neurotoxic effects of an acute treatment with sydnocarb, a novel psychostimulant: comparison with D-amphetamine. 1210 94

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was performed to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of CHF 3381 in 56 young healthy male volunteers. The central nervous system effects of CHF 3381 were also evaluated, as well as the effect of food on the rate and extent of CHF 3381 absorption. Seven doses of CHF 3381 (25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 450, and 600 mg) were evaluated in an escalating order. At each dose level, 6 subjects were given CHF 3381, and 2 subjects were given placebo. Safety and tolerability evaluation included adverse events, physical examination, vital functions, electrocardiogram, laboratory tests, and 24-hour Holter (100-mg and 450-mg dose panels). Plasma and urinary concentrations of CHF 3381 and its two main metabolites (CHF 3567 and 2-aminoindane) were measured with a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Central nervous system effects were evaluated with the simple reaction time (SRT); learning memory task (LMT); Bond & Lader Visual Analog Scale for alertness, contentedness, and calmness; Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI); and electroencephalogram. There were no serious adverse events; the most frequent adverse events were dizziness, abnormal thinking, and asthenia. The number of adverse events with moderate intensity increased sharply with the dose, with no or few events up to 450 mg and 17 events with 600 mg. Therefore, 600 mg was defined as the maximum tolerated dose. There were no significant treatment effects on cardiovascular function and electrocardiogram parameters at any CHF 3381 dose or on oral temperature or laboratory tests. There were no clinically significant changes in laboratory variables. CHF 3381 was absorbed rapidly (tmax = 0.5-2 h) and cleared from plasma with a half-life of 3 to 4 hours. Plasma levels of CHF 3381 and its two major metabolites were found to be proportional to the dose. 2-Aminoindane formed slowly and reached much lower concentrations compared to the parent compound and the other metabolite (CHF 3567). Within 48 hours after dosing, 2% to 6% of the administered dose was found in the urine as unchanged drug, about 50% to 55% as the acid derivative (CHF 3567), and 2% to 3% as 2-aminoindane. Ingestion of food did not affect the extent of absorption of the drug, while the rate of absorption was considerably reduced (tmax = 4 h). No significant effects of CHF 3381 were observed on attention (SRT) or memory (LMT). Visual analog scales revealed a decreasing effect of CHF 3381 on alertness at 1 hour that reached statistical significance at 300 and 600 mg. EEG spectral analysis revealed minor decreasing effects of the 200-mg dose on total electric power measured at 2 hours. A stimulant effect was detected by the ARCI scale 24 hours after the 300-mg dose and might be related to the slow formation of the 2-aminoindane metabolite. In conclusion, this study has shown that the maximum tolerated dose of CHF 3381 after single oral administration in young healthy male volunteers is 600 mg. CHF 3381 displays linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range of 25 to 600 mg. The compound is rapidly absorbed and cleared from plasma with a half-life of 3 to 4 hours. The ingestion of food seems to not affect the extent of absorption of the drug. Minor effects on the central nervous system were detected at doses equal to or greater than 300 mg.
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PMID:Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of CHF 3381, a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, after single oral doses in healthy subjects. 1295 47

Major depression is a mood disorder characterized by a sense of inadequacy, despondency, decreased activity, pessimism, anhedonia and sadness where these symptoms severely disrupt and adversely affect the person's life, sometimes to such an extent that suicide is attempted or results. Antidepressant drugs are not always effective and some have been accused of causing an increased number of suicides particularly in young people. Magnesium deficiency is well known to produce neuropathologies. Only 16% of the magnesium found in whole wheat remains in refined flour, and magnesium has been removed from most drinking water supplies, setting a stage for human magnesium deficiency. Magnesium ions regulate calcium ion flow in neuronal calcium channels, helping to regulate neuronal nitric oxide production. In magnesium deficiency, neuronal requirements for magnesium may not be met, causing neuronal damage which could manifest as depression. Magnesium treatment is hypothesized to be effective in treating major depression resulting from intraneuronal magnesium deficits. These magnesium ion neuronal deficits may be induced by stress hormones, excessive dietary calcium as well as dietary deficiencies of magnesium. Case histories are presented showing rapid recovery (less than 7 days) from major depression using 125-300 mg of magnesium (as glycinate and taurinate) with each meal and at bedtime. Magnesium was found usually effective for treatment of depression in general use. Related and accompanying mental illnesses in these case histories including traumatic brain injury, headache, suicidal ideation, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, postpartum depression, cocaine, alcohol and tobacco abuse, hypersensitivity to calcium, short-term memory loss and IQ loss were also benefited. Dietary deficiencies of magnesium, coupled with excess calcium and stress may cause many cases of other related symptoms including agitation, anxiety, irritability, confusion, asthenia, sleeplessness, headache, delirium, hallucinations and hyperexcitability, with each of these having been previously documented. The possibility that magnesium deficiency is the cause of most major depression and related mental health problems including IQ loss and addiction is enormously important to public health and is recommended for immediate further study. Fortifying refined grain and drinking water with biologically available magnesium to pre-twentieth century levels is recommended.
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PMID:Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. 1654 86

We herein present a case of a 20-year-old woman who suffered from type I diabetes mellitus and died from a diabetic ketoacidosis in a context of addiction to hyperglycemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a lethal complication of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which can result from insulin therapy stoppage. This can occur voluntarily with suicidal intent or involuntarily due to treatment inaccessibility, forgotten injections, or material deficiency. A new possibility is investigated in our case study: hyperglycemia addiction. The patient was treated by insulin glargine and insulin aspartate. She regularly stopped insulin glargine injections seeking the asthenia sensation produced by hyperglycemia, keeping the insulin aspartate injections to treat the disabling symptom related to hyperketonemia.
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PMID:A diabetic ketoacidosis in a context of hyperglycemia addiction. 2903 15