Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0003864 (arthritis)
 69,039 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

IL-10, IL-13, IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, LT-alpha, CD154, and TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) were expressed by 2-20% of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue CD4(+) memory T cells, whereas CD4(+) cells that produced IL-2, IL-4, or IL-6 were not detected. Expression of none of these molecules by individual CD4(+) cells correlated with the exception of TRANCE and IL-10, and TRANCE and TNF-alpha. A correlation between expression of IL-10 and CCR7, LT-alpha and CCR6, IFN-gamma and CCR5, and TRANCE and CXCR4 was also detected.
Arthritis Res 2000
PMID:Cytokine, activation marker, and chemokine receptor expression by individual CD4(+) memory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. 1105 76

The chemokine receptor CCR5 is expressed on the majority of T cells and monocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, renal diseases, and multiple sclerosis. In contrast, little expression of CCR5 is found on peripheral blood leukocytes. A specific depletion of CCR5(+) cells could therefore be a useful strategy to reduce the cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammations. Moreover, CCR5 is the major coreceptor for M-tropic HIV-1 strains. Depletion of CCR5(+) leukocytes may help to eliminate cells latently infected with HIV-1. We designed two constructs that specifically destroy chemokine receptor-positive cells. The first construct, a bispecific Ab, binds simultaneously to CCR5 and CD3. Thereby it redirects CD3(+) T cells against CCR5(+) target cells. The Ab specifically depletes CCR5(+) T cells and monocytes, but is inactive against cells that do not express CCR5. Furthermore, ex vivo the bispecific Ab eliminated >95% of CCR5(+) monocytes and T cells from the synovial fluid of patients with arthritis. Also, we designed a fusion protein of the chemokine RANTES and a truncated version of Pseudomonas. exotoxin A. The fusion protein binds to CCR5 and down-modulates the receptor from the cell surface. The chemokine toxin completely destroyed CCR5(+) Chinese hamster ovary cells at a concentration of 10 nM, whereas no cytotoxic effect was detectable against CCR5(-) Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both constructs efficiently deplete CCR5-positive cells, appear as useful agents in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, and may help to eradicate HIV-1 by increasing the turnover of latently infected cells.
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PMID:Depletion of CCR5-expressing cells with bispecific antibodies and chemokine toxins: a new strategy in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and HIV. 1116 Mar 1

Chemokine receptors play a crucial role in the recruitment of leucocyte subsets into inflamed tissue. Using FACS analysis we have studied the surface expression of different CC- and CXC-chemokine receptors on synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood leucocytes from 20 patients with various forms of arthritis. In the SF the majority T cells stained positive for CCR5 (93%) and CCR2 (57%), compared to the peripheral blood (36% and 25%). In addition, most of the T cells expressed CXCR4 in both compartments, with a somewhat higher percentage in the SF (90%) versus peripheral blood (83%). To date little information is available on chemokine receptor expression on monocytes in arthritis. We report a marked increase of CCR5(+) monocytes in the SF (87%) compared to the peripheral blood (22%). In contrast, the frequency of CXCR1(+), CXCR2(+), CXCR4(+) and CCR1(+) monocytes was considerably lower in the SF than in the peripheral blood. Moreover, we report the expression CXCR4 on neutrophils in the SF. Approximately 60% of neutrophils stained positive for CXCR4 in the SF, while in the peripheral blood the number of CXCR4(+) neutrophils was low (24%). Surface expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 was significantly reduced on SF neutrophils (53% and 68%) compared to the peripheral blood. Chemokine receptors are differentially expressed on leucocyte subsets in arthritis. The identification of their pattern of expression might help to identify suitable targets for therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Surface expression of CC- and CXC-chemokine receptors on leucocyte subsets in inflammatory joint diseases. 1173 76

The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 have been implicated as playing a central role in directing a Th1 inflammatory response. Here, we investigated whether a synthetic CCR5 antagonist affects the process of T cell migration to sites of inflammation. Immunization of DBA/1 mice with type II collagen resulted in typical arthritis, which is associated with cellular infiltration. Treatment with a CCR5 antagonist strikingly affected the development of arthritis by reducing both incidence and severity of disease. There was no substantial difference between collagen-immunized mice with and without antagonist treatment in the induction of anti-collagen T cell responses and the capacity to produce IL-12. This endogenous IL-12 functioned to induce comparable levels of CCR5 in these two immunized groups of T cells. Whereas a massive infiltration of inflammatory cells including CCR5(+) T cells occurred in the joints of mice immunized without antagonist, cellular infiltration in the antagonist-treated group was only marginal. These results indicate that administration of a CCR5 antagonist inhibits the development of arthritis not by affecting the generation of collagen-sensitized T cells but by interfering with their migration to joint lesions.
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PMID:A non-peptide CCR5 antagonist inhibits collagen-induced arthritis by modulating T cell migration without affecting anti-collagen T cell responses. 1220 24

CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)3 are expressed on T helper cell type 1 cells and have been implicated in their migration to sites of inflammation. Our preceding study demonstrated that a nonpeptide synthetic CCR5 antagonist, TAK-779 (N, N-dimethyl-N-[4-[[[2-(4-methylphenyl)-6, 7-dihydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-8-yl]carbon-yl]amino]benzyl]-tetrahydro-2H-pyran4-aminium chloride, inhibits the development of experimentally induced arthritis by modulating the migration of CCR5(+)/CXCR3(+) T cells to joints. The present study investigated the functional properties of TAK-779, including the effect of this antagonist on CXCR3 function. For this purpose, transfectants expressing mouse CCR5 (mCCR5) or mCXCR3 and expressing mCCR4 or mCXCR4 as controls were established by introducing each relevant gene into 2B4 T cells and were subjected to the following assays. First, the ligand binding to chemokine receptors was assayed by incubating transfectants with [(125)I]-labeled relevant ligand or with the unlabeled relevant ligand followed by staining with anti-ligand antibody. Second, chemokine-induced lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) activation was assayed by measuring the adhesion of cells to microculture plates coated with purified intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Third, chemokine-stimulated chemotaxis was assayed by observing the cell migration through transwells. In these assays, TAK-779 blocked the ligand binding as well as LFA-1 up-regulating and chemotactic function of mCXCR3 and mCCR5 but did not elicit a biologically significant inhibition of those functions of mCCR4 and mCXCR4. These observations indicate the unique target specificity of TAK-779 and explain why this antagonist efficiently blocks the migration of T cells expressing CCR5 and CXCR3 to sites of inflammation.
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PMID:The unique target specificity of a nonpeptide chemokine receptor antagonist: selective blockade of two Th1 chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3. 1255 4

Memory T cells display phenotypic heterogeneity. Surface antigens previously regarded as exclusive markers of naive T cells, such as L-selectin (CD62L), can also be detected on some memory T cells. Moreover, a fraction of CD45RO+ (positive for the short human isoform of CD45) memory T cells reverts to the CD45RA+ (positive for the long human isoform of CD45) phenotype. We analyzed patients with biopsy-proven localized Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) (n = 5), generalized WG (n = 16) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 13) to further characterize memory T cells in WG. The cell-surface expression of CD45RO, CD45RA, CD62L, CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR3 was determined on blood-derived T cells by four-color flow cytometric analysis. The fractions of CCR5+ and CCR3+ cells within the CD4+CD45RO+ and CD8+CD45RO+ memory T cell populations were significantly expanded in localized and generalized WG. The mean percentage of Th1-type CCR5 expression was higher in localized WG. Upregulated CCR5 and CCR3 expression could also be detected on a fraction of CD45RA+ T cells. CD62L expression was seen on approximately half of the memory T cell populations expressing chemokine receptors. This study demonstrates for the first time that expression of the inducible inflammatory chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR3 on CD45RO+ memory T cells, as well as on CD45RA+ T cells ('revertants'), contributes to phenotypic heterogeneity in an autoimmune disease, namely WG. Upregulated CCR5 and CCR3 expression suggests that the cells belong to the effector memory T cell population. CCR5 and CCR3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells indicates a potential to respond to chemotactic gradients and might be important in T cell migration contributing to granuloma formation and vasculitis in WG.
Arthritis Res Ther 2003
PMID:Heterogeneity of CD4 and CD8+ memory T cells in localized and generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. 1271 50

The prevailing paradigm is that in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the accumulation of monocytes and T cells in the joint, mediated in part by such CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) as CCR2 and CCR5, respectively, plays a central role in disease pathogenesis. To further validate this paradigm, we conducted proof-of-principle studies and tested the hypothesis that gene inactivation of Ccr2 or Ccr5 will ameliorate experimental RA. Contrary to our expectations, we found that in two well-established murine models of experimental RA, CCR2 expression in the hematopoietic cell compartment served as a negative regulator of autoantibody production as well as arthritic disease onset, severity, and resolution. In contrast, the RA phenotype in Ccr5-null mice was similar to that of WT mice. Remarkably, the collagen-induced arthritis phenotype of Ccr2-/- mice mimicked closely that of severe human RA, including production of rheumatoid factor, enhanced T cell production, and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the joints. Our findings demonstrate an essential protective role of CCR2 expression in RA, indicate the existence of alternative receptors responsible for monocyte/macrophage accumulation to inflamed joints, and emphasize the need to clarify carefully the complex effects of the chemokine system in RA before they can be considered as therapeutic targets.
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PMID:Experimental arthritis in CC chemokine receptor 2-null mice closely mimics severe human rheumatoid arthritis. 1506 18

The aim of the study was to characterise CCR7+ and CCR7- memory T cells infiltrating the inflamed joints of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to investigate the functional and anatomical heterogeneity of these cell subsets in relation to the expression of the inflammatory chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5. Memory T cells freshly isolated from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) of 25 patients with JIA were tested for the expression of CCR7, CCR5, CXCR3 and interferon-gamma by flow cytometry. The chemotactic activity of CD4 SF memory T cells from eight patients with JIA to inflammatory (CXCL11 and CCL3) and homeostatic (CCL19, CCL21) chemokines was also evaluated. Paired serum and SF samples from 28 patients with JIA were tested for CCL21 concentrations. CCR7, CXCR3, CCR5 and CCL21 expression in synovial tissue from six patients with JIA was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Enrichment of CD4+, CCR7- memory T cells was demonstrated in SF in comparison with paired blood from patients with JIA. SF CD4+CCR7- memory T cells were enriched for CCR5+ and interferon-gamma+ cells, whereas CD4+CCR7+ memory T cells showed higher coexpression of CXCR3. Expression of CCL21 was detected in both SF and synovial membranes. SF CD4+ memory T cells displayed significant migration to both inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines. CCR7+ T cells were detected in the synovial tissue in either diffuse perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates or organised lymphoid aggregates. In synovial tissue, a large fraction of CCR7+ cells co-localised with CXCR3, especially inside lymphoid aggregates, whereas CCR5+ cells were enriched in the sublining of the superficial subintima. In conclusion, CCR7 may have a role in the synovial recruitment of memory T cells in JIA, irrespective of the pattern of lymphoid organisation. Moreover, discrete patterns of chemokine receptor expression are detected in the synovial tissue.
Arthritis Res Ther 2005
PMID:Phenotypic and functional characterisation of CCR7+ and CCR7- CD4+ memory T cells homing to the joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 1574 72

CCL3 is a C-C family chemokine detected at high levels in the synovial tissue and fluids of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. CCL3 binds to the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, which are expressed by inflammatory leukocytes such as macrophages and T cells present in the affected joints of RA patients. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether absence of CCL3 prevented development of inflammation and joint destruction in anti-type II collagen monoclonal antibody (anti-CII mAb)-induced arthritis. "CCL3 null mice were different from wild-type control mice in terms of body weight loss". In addition, CCL3 null mice exhibited milder clinical and histopathological scores following administration of anti-CII mAb and endotoxin. Moreover, the release of TNF in response to systemic administration of endotoxin was not affected in CCL3 null mice compared to wild-type mice, indicating that the phenotype was not attributable to a defect in endotoxin response. These results indicate that CCL3 plays an essential role in the development of inflammation and joint destruction induced by anti-CII mAb.
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PMID:An essential role for CCL3 in the development of collagen antibody-induced arthritis. 1587 3

Chemokines and their receptors are essential in the recruitment and positioning of lymphocytes. To address the question of B cell migration into the inflamed synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), peripheral blood naive B cells, memory B cells and plasma cells were analyzed for cell surface expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7 and CCR9. For comparison, B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or with the degenerative disease osteoarthritis (OA) were analyzed. Expression levels of chemokine receptors were measured by flow cytometry and were compared between the different patient groups and healthy individuals. The analysis of chemokine receptor expression showed that the majority of peripheral blood B cells is positive for CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR6 and CCR7. Whereas a small fraction of B cells were positive for CCR5, practically no expression of CCR9 was found. In comparison with healthy individuals, in patients with RA a significant fraction of B cells showed a decreased expression of CXCR5 and CCR6 and increased levels of CXCR3. The downregulation of CXCR5 correlated with an upregulation of CXCR3. In patients with SLE, significant changes in CXCR5 expression were seen. The functionality of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4 was demonstrated by transmigration assays with the chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL12, respectively. Our results suggest that chronic inflammation leads to modulation of chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood B cells. However, differences between patients with RA and patients with SLE point toward a disease-specific regulation of receptor expression. These differences may influence the migrational behavior of B cells.
Arthritis Res Ther 2005
PMID:Differential expression of chemokine receptors on peripheral blood B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 1620 16


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