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Query: UMLS:C0003635 (apraxia)
 2,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties are described in a case or oral apraxia in a 16-year-old girl who had numerous skull vault bone with concussion and crushing of cerebral tissue. The authors point out that the process of rehabilitaiton of speech disturbances in oral apraxia is long and complex.
Neurol Neurochir Pol
PMID:[Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in oral apraxia in a 16-year-old girl following severe brain trauma]. 89 87

This article, basing on experimental analysis and clinical observations, focuses on the role of subcortical structures in memory processes. It explained terminological problems and defined terms of memory: immediate, delayed, recent, remote, declarative and procedural. The present article pointed out functional hemispheric specialization as a predicator of material-specific forms of memory. Neuroanatomical basis was revealed, especially limbic system with its connections to prefrontal, cortical and brain stem regions. Amnesic Korsakoff and Wernicke syndromes, transient global amnesia, memory loss after bilateral damage of temporal lobes and after anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture, were also discussed. Next part exhibited current knowledge about definition of dementia which may be caused by many multi-focal brain diseases like multiinfarct (vascular) dementia, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and sclerosis multiplex, and compared to Alzheimer disease. Term of dementia was defined, according to Cummings and Benson, as syndrome of acquired intellectual dysfunction when three of the following mental functions are impaired: language, memory, visuospatial skills, emotion, and cognition (abstraction, calculation, judgement). There is little doubt that various subcortical diseases are characterised by similar, no specific dysfunctions of cognitive processes including: disturbed attention and concentration, slowness of mental processing, forgetfulness, personality alterations and mood disturbances as well as motivational impairment, visuospatial disturbances, absence of symptoms of cortical dysfunction such as aphasia, agnosia and apraxia and associated motor disorder. Review of the literature suggests that rapid forgetting and retrieval deficits are most often symptoms of memory deficits observed after subcortical brain injuries.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Neuropsychological description of memory impairment following cortical and subcortical brain injuries]. 756 22

In 25 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in various phases of the disease CT and NMR imaging of the brain were done at the same times and the findings were related to clinical symptomatology. NMR imaging, in contrast to CT imaging, demonstrated even very small brain changes in the initial stage. The inflammatory-demyelinizing process begins in SSPE as a rule in the white matter of the occipital lobes, and only later in appears in the vicinity of the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. Spreading of subcortical changes in the occipital lobes and their later penetration into the parietal lobes causes the development of ideatory apraxia frequent in these cases, and involvement of the cortex of the occipital lobes leads to visual agnosia. The paresis of extremities in later stages not always are correlated with greater intensity of changes in the contralateral cerebral with greater intensity of changes in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Hydrocephalus developing after longer duration of the disease is an expression of postinflammatory brain atrophy and not of disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid absorption.
Neurol Neurochir Pol 1994
PMID:[Changes in NMR and CT images in SSPE]. 806 44

Idiopathic Parkinson Disease accounts for approximately 75% of all cases of parkinsonism. The described case of Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD), until now not presented in Polish medical literature is a relatively rare example of so-called "parkinson plus" syndrome. The authors present the case of a 56 years old woman with asymmetric onset of rigidity and atypical tremor of upper extremity followed by gait disturbances (gait apraxia), dysarthria, bilateral pyramidal signs and myoclonus. Complete lack of clinical improvement after treatment with L-dopa and progressive character were observed from the onset of the disease. The presented case seems to be helpful in differential diagnosis of parkinson plus syndromes and specially CBD, which seems to be difficult in the first stages of the disease. Although the case was not neuropathologically verified (patient is still alive) the diagnosis seems to be almost true.
Neurol Neurochir Pol
PMID:[Cortico-basal degeneration. Diagnosis and differentiation and the description of the first case in Poland]. 1035 40

Cortico-basal degeneration (CBD) or cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration is a condition characterised by selective cortical atrophy of parietal and in a lesser extent, frontal lobe associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia. The clinical symptoms of CBD, predominantly extrapyramidal signs (bradykinesia and rigidity) and apraxia, affect often only one body side in the onset phase, with the left one being more frequent. Neuropathological studies reveal neuronal loss, gliosis, and achromasia chiefly in frontal and parietal cortex, as well as in basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Functional investigations, such as SPECT, disclose similar distribution of abnormalities (hypometabolism). The aetiology and causative treatment of CBD are unknown. The authors highlight the diagnostic difficulties in CBD including a necessity of a prolonged patient's observation in order to ascertain the differential diagnosis of other neurodegenerative disorders, in particular progressive supranuclear palsy, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Neurol Neurochir Pol
PMID:[Cortico-basal degeneration]. 1084 10

ALS-Plus syndrome occurs rarely and usually presents typical ALS phenotype associated with dementia, Parkinsonism or both. We reported a case of sporadic, definite ALS with pseudobulbar palsy, emotional lability and selective cognitive deficit in the presence of frontal lobe dementia. Neuropsychological tests predominantly demonstrated perserveration and dynamic apraxia, CT and MRI scans showed widened subarachnoideal spaces in the frontal and temporal regions. The neuropathological findings confirmed ALS processes i.e. atrophy of motor nuclei in brainstem and anterior horns of cervical spinal cord and showed mild atrophy and status spongiosus in the frontal lobes. These findings suggest the co-occurrence of sporadic ALS and frontal lobe dementia: ALS-Plus syndrome.
Pol J Pathol 2000
PMID:ALS-Plus syndrome. A clinical and neuropathological case study. 1124 90

Atypical parkinsonian disorders (APD) are a heterogenous group of neurodegenerative diseases such as: progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In all of them core symptoms of parkinsonian syndrome are accompanied by many additional clinical features not typical for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) like rapid progression, gaze palsy, apraxia, ataxia, early cognitive decline, dysautonomia and usually poor response to levodopa therapy. In the absence of reliably validated biomarkers the diagnosis is still challenging and mainly based on clinical criteria. However, robust data emerging from routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as from many advanced MRI techniques such as: diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), voxel-based morphometry (VBM), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) may help in differential diagnosis. The main aim of this review is to summarize briefly the most important and acknowledged radiological findings of conventional MRI due to its availability in standard clinical settings. Nevertheless, we present shortly other methods of structural (like TCS - transcranial sonography) and functional imaging (like SPECT - single photon emission computed tomography or PET - positron emission tomography) as well as some selected advanced MRI techniques and their potential future applications in supportive role in distinguishing APD.
Neurol Neurochir Pol 2015
PMID:The role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of the atypical parkinsonian syndromes in clinical practice. 2665 77