Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0003635 (apraxia)
 2,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The three major components of the Balint's syndrome are described: 1) visual disorientation or simultanagnosia, i.e. the inability to perceive the visual field as a whole, 2) ocular apraxia, a deficit of visual scanning and 3) optic ataxia, an impairment of pointing and reaching under visual guidance. Our description of the syndrome is illustrated by three case histories. The complete syndrome is rare, and partial syndromes have been reported more frequently. Sudden and severe hypotension resulting in bilateral borderzone infarction in the occipito-parietal region is reported to be the most frequent cause of complete Balint's syndrome. Lack of awareness of the syndrome may lead to misdiagnosis such as blindness, psychosis, or dementia.
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PMID:[Balint's syndrome--visual disorientation]. 159 20

Traditionally, Pick's ideational apraxia has been considered a neurologist's realm since it is one of the permanent manifestations of brain lesions located in the left hemisphere posterior territory. Besides, however, the ideational apraxia is likely to appear--altogether with misidentifications and spatial disorientation--as a part of the transient manifestations of confusional psychosis. It is thus quite possible that a reversible alteration of the posterior brain mechanisms could be the basis for the confusional psychosis. It seems also reasonable to include the ideational apraxia within the symptoms to be sought in those cycloid psychotic states including confusional psychosis. This is why it can safely be said that Pick's ideational apraxia is also a psychiatrist's realm.
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PMID:[Ideational apraxia in confusional psychosis]. 181 6

Four patients with severe dementia and a parkinsonian syndrome are described. Dysphasia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia, visual and verbal memory disturbance and psychosis, usually of depressive type, occurred early in the course of the illness. Pathologically they were characterized by the presence of numerous Lewy bodies throughout both the cerebral cortex and brainstem. Three cases also had severe neurofibrillary tangle change or senile plaques in the neocortex, compatible with Alzheimer's disease, but the cortical tangle distribution did not always match that of the Lewy bodies. This disorder may form part of the spectrum of pathology in Parkinson's disease, where it may be one possible cause of dementia.
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PMID:Clinical and pathological features of diffuse cortical Lewy body disease (Lewy body dementia). 282 57

The paper describes the psychiatric status on the basis of 76 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. There is considerable difference between the different stages of the disease. The disorders are divided into groups following the German and French psychopathological tradition, where the incidence is dependent on the underlying complaint. 50% of the patients suffered from chronic psychoorganic disorders (34% organic personality disorders, 16% dementia). 9% suffered from an acute psychosis caused by complications and founded on substantial physical illness. 3 patients showed symptoms of a (under given circumstances) hitherto unknown endoform psychosis. In 9% of the patients, psychoreactive disturbances (anxiety and reactive depression) were observed. Two infants had congenital development deficiencies. 25% of the patients were without any psychopathology. Patients showing organic personality disorders mostly resemble each other to such a degree as to form a separate group. We suggest to name this group according to the most prominent psychopathology as "AIDS-lethargy". This status is characterised by a specific apathy, tiredness and indolence of the patients combined with the lack of emotional participation related to their own destiny. AIDS-lethargy is the first manifestation in appearance of the HIV infection of the brain itself. Another sequel of the brain infection is AIDS dementia which can be classified as "subcortical dementia" and differs from the more current forms of dementia clinically. Affected are mainly neuropsychologic functions like arousal, attention, mood and motivation, whereas the hallmarks of cortical involvement-aphasia, agnosia and apraxia-are not present. Supplementary findings (EEG, CCT, CSF): The group of patients with chronic psychoorganic disorders differs significantly from the group with psychoreactive disorders and normals. Pathological EEG and CCT are more frequent in psychoorganic disorders. CSF-test-including the intrathecally synthesized antibodies against HIV-does not show traceable variation in either group. There are four problems which may be combined in a given acute psychopathological HIV-syndrome: 1. Being member of a risk group with its reactive, psychosocial and personality problems. 2. Individual mental and emotional reaction to the fact of infection 3. Chronic psychoorganic disturbances. 4. Acute organic psychoses as a result of complications and other physical illness.
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PMID:[Psychopathologic pictures in HIV infection: AIDS lethargy and AIDS dementia]. 340 94

The authors compared with regard clinical and the radionuclide cisternography examination 27 patients with Hakim-Syndrome and 11 with Alzheimer-Disease. In all cases, dementia was a stable symptom. Patients with Hakim-Syndrome have an early gait disturbance, ataxia and epileptic seizures. Only in case of patients with Alzheimer-Disease we found aphasia, apraxia and psychotic disorders. 24 hours after the injection radionuclide cisternography showed ventricular retention and absence of parasagital accumulation only in patients with Hakim-Syndrome. Lighter changes (mixed cisternographic pattern) were found in patients with Alzheimer-Disease as well.
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PMID:[Clinical and cisternographic differential diagnosis between presenile dementia and Hakim syndrome]. 652 22

Reported is a 19-year-old manic-depressive patient who developed persistent dysarthria with coexisting apraxia while on a combination of high dose haloperidol and lithium carbonate. The speech disability occurred as a solitary symptom in a patient with normal serum lithium levels and no other signs or symptoms of lithium toxicity and persisted after lithium was discontinued and the neuroleptic changed. There were several factors which favored an association between the speech disability and the drug therapy. These included improvement during a drug-free trial: the absence of a prior history of a speech problem; the patient's marked psychotic state and anxiety: and the high dosage of haloperidol.
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PMID:Persistent dysarthria with apraxia associated with a combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol. 680 52

We studied the clinical features, blood levels of cyclosporine, and neuroimaging findings in 46 patients with cyclosporine neurotoxicity after liver transplantation. The clinical presentation of cyclosporine neurotoxicity was characterized by tremulousness and restlessness in all patients and was associated with acute confusional state and psychosis in 20 patients, seizures in eight, speech apraxia or action myoclonus speech in three, and cortical blindness in two. In 35 patients, cyclosporine neurotoxicity occurred during IV treatment. Neuroimaging studies showed only minor white matter abnormalities in two patients despite dramatic clinical presentations, including speech difficulties, seizures, and cortical blindness. In only 19 of 31 patients (61%) did trough levels of cyclosporine suggest neurotoxicity. Neurologic findings were reversible in all patients after cyclosporine was withheld and then given in lower dosage. In three patients, substituting FK 506 did not result in neurotoxicity.
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PMID:Neurotoxicity in liver transplant recipients with cyclosporine immunosuppression. 750 Nov 41

Management of unintelligible speech following traumatic brain injury is complex. In addition to multiple physiological system deficits, individuals typically present with complicating non-speech factors that impede their progress. The present case study illustrates the influence on outcome of impaired speech physiology, reduced cognitive abilities, pre-morbid personality characteristics, and psychosocial variables such as post-injury psychosis. Highlighted intervention strategies include optimizing the physiological system with a palatal lift prosthesis, reducing speaking rate by pacing, phonetically transcribing words to minimize apraxia of speech, adapting stimuli to optimize auditory comprehension, and providing therapy within functional contexts.
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PMID:The challenge of unintelligible speech following traumatic brain injury. 808 51

A 58-year-old woman developed severe progressive dementia. Markedly impaired memory, apraxia and abnormal behaviour with psychotic components suggested Alzheimer's syndrome. But there were atypical signs, namely abnormal coordination, occasional tremors and dysarthria. A search for a possible toxic cause was at first unsuccessful, but by chance a "gastric power" containing 0.1 g of bismuth gallate per gram of powder, was found in her night-table. The patient had taken it regularly over years, at a dosage of up to 1.5 g daily, to combat gastric acidity. Six days after stopping the drug the blood bismuth level was 70 micrograms/l, which within 1-2 months fell to 9 micrograms/l. After 4 1/2 months in hospital the patient was discharged in a good general condition and with normal intellectual function.
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PMID:[Chronic bismuth poisoning with encephalopathy and dementia]. 844 Jan 62

This article reviews longitudinal data collected from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are relevant to the design and interpretation of clinical treatment trials. Longitudinal data from patients tested with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale demonstrate that cognitive symptoms, including memory loss, dysphasia, and dyspraxia, worsen relentlessly over time with the rate of change depending upon baseline dementia severity. Noncognitive symptoms, such as agitation, depressed mood, and psychosis, are episodic, do not necessarily worsen over time, and tend not to be highly correlated with one another. The reliability of cognitive change measures increases with follow-up duration so that the likelihood of detecting drug effects on the rate of cognitive deterioration is greater with longer treatment trials. Functional measures of activities of daily living are difficult to standardize for AD patients but are important for determining the overall clinical and economic impact of AD treatments.
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PMID:The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. 899 90


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