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Query: UMLS:C0003129 (Anoxia)
551 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Regulation of acetylcholine metabolism varied in brain slices from hippocampus and septum which have different proportions of cholinergic nerve cell bodies and nerve endings. Anoxia (0% oxygen) inhibited acetylcholine synthesis (-77%) and its calcium-dependent release (-87%) from hippocampal slices but had no effect on synthesis or release by septal slices. [1,5-14C]Citrate incorporation into acetylcholine was higher in septum than in hippocampus, which suggested that citrate metabolism differs regionally. (-)Hydroxycitrate, a specific inhibitor of ATP citrate (pro3S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), reduced [U-14C]glucose incorporation into acetylcholine more in septal than in hippocampal slices. 14CO2 production from glucose or citrate was similar in control and experimental conditions in the two regions. These findings indicate that acetylcholine metabolism varies regionally, which may partially explain the selective vulnerability of certain brain areas to anoxia and other metabolic insults.
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PMID:Acetylcholine and oxidative metabolism in septum and hippocampus in vitro. 640 14

31P NMR was applied to an examination of the freeze-tolerant larvae of the gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis. Resonances from sugar phosphates, inorganic phosphate, adenylates and arginine phosphate were identified. Two peaks of Pi were identified corresponding to intracellular and extracellular Pi. Anoxia produced an expected decrease in peak intensities of ATP and arginine phosphate while the peak of intracellular Pi was enhanced and shifted to indicate intracellular acidification during anoxia. Spectra of whole larvae were monitored over a temperature range from -30 degrees to +25 degrees C. No abrupt alterations in the spectra were seen at the point of extracellular freezing which occurs at about -8 degrees C but temperature had dramatic effects upon the peak intensities of ATP and arginine phosphate. A reversible increase/decrease in peak intensities, relative to Pi, was observed as temperature was raised/lowered. At 15 degrees and -20 degrees C, the beta peak of ATP was 64% and 2% of the peak intensity of Pi while that of arginine phosphate was 78% and 11%, respectively. This temperature effect was not an artifact of instrumentation (as model solutions containing Pi, ATP and arginine phosphate did not show this effect) or a result of changes in the total amounts of these compounds in the cell with temperature. Rather it is apparent that these molecules become restricted in their rotational movement as temperature is lowered perhaps via binding to subcellular components. Changes in the amounts of freely soluble ATP and arginine phosphate with temperature could have important implications for metabolism and its control. Analysis of the effect of temperature on the chemical shift of Pi was also used to determine pH in the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Temperature change had no effect on extracellular (hemolymph) pH which remained constant at 6.1-6.3. Intracellular pH varied with temperature, however, from pH 6.8 at 15 degrees C to pH 7.3 at -12 degrees C with a change, delta pH/delta 0, of -0.0185 degrees C consistent with alphastat regulation.
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PMID:31P-NMR studies of the freeze-tolerant larvae of the gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis. 646 82

We investigated differences between ischemic and anoxic myocardium with respect to early mechanical and metabolic changes. Ischemia and anoxia were induced in the area perfused by the distal left anterior descending artery in 32 mongrel dogs. Since both the ischemia and the anoxia in this preparation resulted in very little change in global cardiac hemodynamics, indirect mechanical and metabolic effects on the involved myocardium were minimal. However, regional anoxia caused a later development of a myocardial systolic bulge than did regional ischemia (44.8 +/- 13.6 vs 26.8 +/- 9.9 sec). Myocardial ATP content was reduced to the same level 5 min after the onset of ischemia and anoxia. Anoxia with high K+ did not result in an earlier myocardial systolic bulge time, but myocardial ATP was maintained at a higher level than during ischemia. Anoxia with low pH also did not affect the time for development of a myocardial systolic bulge. We concluded that neither acidosis nor hyperpotassemia are more causally related to the earlier development of a myocardial systolic bulge during regional ischemia than during regional anoxia. Also the absolute value of myocardial ATP content is unlikely to be causally related to the determination of myocardial contraction, as reflected by the development of a myocardial systolic bulge.
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PMID:Different effects of acute ischemia and anoxia on the canine myocardium. 651 94

Previous investigations have demonstrated impairment of hepatic gluconeogenic activity during both hypovolemia and sepsis, but the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. The present study was designed to determine the influence of lack of oxygen on gluconeogenesis independent of humoral factors, products of ischemic peripheral tissues or pH changes. Livers obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats fasted 24 hours were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 5 mM lactate for 30 minutes. In the control group (n = 8) perfusion was continued; in others, anoxia was induced by perfusing with buffer equilibrated with 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for periods of 15, 30, or 60 minutes (n = 4, 5, and 5, respectively). The initial conditions were then reinstituted for an additional 45 minutes. Anoxia caused hepatic release of K+, indicative of disordered hepatic cellular ionic gradients and an abrupt cessation of gluconeogenesis. Reoxygenation partially reversed these alterations but some impairment of gluconeogenesis persisted and the degree of uptake of K+ from the perfusion media was decreased as the duration of anoxia increased. The degree of restoration of gluconeogenesis after a period of anoxia was closely associated with restoration of cellular uptake of K+. By comparison, livers taken from hypovolemic animals maintained at a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mm Hg until the beginning of the decompensatory stage of shock exhibited a gluconeogenic capacity of only 41% of control animals and was comparable to the compromise induced by between 30 and 60 minutes of anoxia. These results suggest that the abilities to restore hepatic electrolyte balance and gluconeogenesis after oxygen deprivation are affected in parallel and may reflect a common dependence on the restoration of ATP stores after the insult.
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PMID:Effect of hemorrhage and anoxia on hepatic gluconeogenesis and potassium balance in the rat. 684 34

Anoxia-induced depletion of cellular ATP may affect the degree of protein phosphorylation due to kinase inhibition. In this study, protein phosphorylation was measured in rabbit kidney proximal tubules under normoxic or anoxic conditions in a medium containing 32P. During the first 20 min of normoxia, phosphate incorporation was linear, averaging 17 +/- 5 pmol.mg protein-1.min-1 and was 70% inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine chloride. Phosphorylation measurements initiated simultaneously with anoxic conditions (95% N2-5% CO2) significantly reduced the initial rate to 58% of control, saturating after 15 min, and reaching 28 +/- 5% of the normoxic value after 60 min of incubation. The phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A did not affect the initial rate of phosphate incorporation by anoxic tubules but increased phosphate incorporation at 60 min to 43 +/- 4% of normoxia. Addition of 32P after 15 min of anoxia abolished phosphate incorporation, demonstrating that kinase activity was completely inhibited. Cellular phosphate uptake was measured and found not to be rate limiting for phosphorylation. Chelerythrine chloride increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release during normoxia, and calyculin A decreased anoxia-induced LDH release, suggesting that protein phosphorylation events may control plasma membrane permeability.
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PMID:Decreased protein phosphorylation induced by anoxia in proximal renal tubules. 794 70

The hemodynamics of penile flaccidity, erection and detumescence requires corporal smooth muscle to function across a wide variation in pO2. The present study describes the effect of anoxia on corporal smooth muscle response to field stimulation and pharmacologic agonists and antagonists of erection. The response of isolated strips of rabbit corpus cavernosal tissue to field stimulation, phenylephrine, bethanechol, ATP and KCL was determined under oxygenated and anoxic conditions. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) Anoxia eliminated spontaneous contractile activity and reduced basal tissue tension to a minimum. 2) Neither field stimulation nor pharmacological agents (ATP, bethanechol, isoproterenol) could relax basal tension below that induced by anoxia alone. 3) Under anoxic conditions alpha-adrenergic agonists produced poorly sustained phasic contractile responses; anoxia eliminated tonic contractile responses to phenylephrine. 4) In normoxic conditions field stimulation of smooth muscle precontracted with phenylephrine produced frequency-dependent graded relaxations; under anoxic conditions field stimulation yielded contractile responses at all frequencies. Our data suggest that corporal smooth muscle tone, spontaneous contractile activity, the contractile response to alpha-agonists and field stimulated relaxation depend on the state of corporal oxygenation. The inability of alpha-stimulation to induce a tonic contraction of corporal smooth muscle under anoxia in vitro parallels the failure of penile injection of alpha-adrenergic agonists to relax ischemic priapism.
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PMID:Anoxia and corporal smooth muscle dysfunction: a model for ischemic priapism. 825 24

Anoxia, glucose starvation, calcium ionophore A23187, EDTA, glucosamine, and several other conditions that adversely affect the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce the synthesis of the glucose-regulated class of stress proteins (GRPs). The primary GRPs induced by these stresses migrate at 78 and 94 kDa (GRP78 and GRP94). In addition, another protein of approximately 150-170 kDa (GRP170) has been previously observed and is coordinately induced with GRP78 and GRP94. To characterize this novel stress protein, we have prepared an antisera against purified GRP170. Immunofluorescence, Endoglycosidase H sensitivity, and protease resistance of this protein in microsomes indicates that GRP170 is an ER lumenal glycoprotein retained in a pre-Golgi compartment. Immunoprecipitation of GRP170 with our antibody coprecipitates the GRP78 (also referred to as the B cell immunoglobulin-binding protein) and GRP94 members of this stress protein family in Chinese hamster ovary cells under stress conditions. ATP depletion, by immunoprecipitation in the presence of apyrase, does not affect the interaction between GRP78 and GRP170 but results in the coprecipitation of an unidentified 60-kDa protein. In addition, GRP170 is found to be coprecipitated with immunoglobulin (Ig) in four different B cell hybridomas expressing surface IgM, cytoplasmic Ig light chain only, cytoplasmic Ig heavy chain only, or an antigen specific secreted IgG. In addition, in IgM surface expressing WEHI-231 B cells, anti-IgM coprecipitates GRP78, GRP94, as well as GRP170; antibodies against GRP170 and GRP94 reciprocally coprecipitate GRP94/GRP170 as well as GRP78. Results suggest that this 170-kDa GRP is a retained ER lumenal glycoprotein that is constitutively present and that may play a role in immunoglobulin folding and assembly in conjunction or consecutively with GRP78 and GRP94.
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PMID:The 170-kDa glucose-regulated stress protein is an endoplasmic reticulum protein that binds immunoglobulin. 830 33

Cell killing, oxygen consumption, and hydroperoxide formation were determined in rat hepatocytes after glycolytic and respiratory inhibition. These conditions model the ATP depletion and reductive stress of anoxia ("chemical hypoxia"). Glycolysis was inhibited with iodoacetate, and mitochondrial electron transfer was blocked with sodium azide, cyanide, or myxothiazol. Cell killing, hydroperoxide formation, and inhibitor-insensitive oxygen consumption were greater after azide than after myxothiazol or cyanide. Desferrioxamine, an inhibitor of iron-catalyzed hydroxyl radical formation, delayed cell killing after each of the respiratory inhibitors. Anoxia also delayed cell killing during chemical hypoxia. However, during anoxic incubations, desferrioxamine did not delay the onset of cell death. These findings indicate that reactive oxygen species participate in lethal cell injury during chemical hypoxia. In isolated mitochondria, previous studies have shown that myxothiazol inhibits Q cycle-mediated ubisemiquinone formation in complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase) and that ubisemiquinone can react with molecular oxygen to form superoxide. Decreased killing of hepatocytes with myxothiazol compared with azide suggests, therefore, that mitochondrial oxygen radical formation by complex III is involved in cell killing during reductive stress. In support of this hypothesis, myxothiazol reduced rates of cell killing and hydroperoxide formation in hepatocytes incubated with azide or cyanide. This mitochondrial mechanism for oxygen radical formation may be important in relative but not absolute hypoxia.
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PMID:Mitochondria as a source of reactive oxygen species during reductive stress in rat hepatocytes. 838 54

Calcium(Ca2+)-dependent processes mediate, in part, anoxic cell injury. These may account for the difference in sensitivity to anoxia between certain immature and mature renal cells. To address this question, we studied the effects of anoxia on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), cell integrity, and transport functions in microdissected proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) of < 3-week-old (newborn) and > 12-week-old (adult) rabbits. Tubules were loaded with 10 microM fura-2 AM by incubation for 60 min at 37 degrees C, and then superfused with isosmotic saline solution gassed with either 95%O2-5%CO2 (control group) or 95%N2-5%CO2 (anoxia group) for 30 min. [Ca2+]i was measured ratiometrically; cell damage was assessed by nuclear binding of propidium iodide (PI). Anoxia resulted in a fourfold increase in [Ca2+]i in adult tubules (from resting values of 245 +/- 10 to 975 +/- 100 nM, P < 0.001), whereas in newborn tubules the rise was significantly less (from resting values of 137 +/- 5 to 165 +/- 5 nM, P < 0.001 between anoxic groups). Transient exposure to 100 mM potassium chloride, which depolarizes the PCT cells, induced increases in [Ca2+]i from baseline, to 920 +/- 90 nM in tubules from adult and to 396 +/- 16 nM in those from newborn rabbits (P < 0.001 between age groups). After exposure to ligands such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ATP, [Ca2+]i increased in both newborn and adult tubules, but to lower levels in newborn tubules. The response to PTH and ATP was transient in both age groups, [Ca2+]i returning to baseline levels after 2 min. Following anoxia, tubules from adult animals exhibited staining of all cell nuclei by 1 min exposure to PI, indicative of gross permeabilization of the cells. Nuclei of anoxic immatures tubules did not stain with PI. The sodium-dependent uptakes of a glucose analogue (14C-alpha-methyl-glucopyranoside) and phosphate (32Pi) were preserved in agarose-filled tubules of newborns after anoxia, whereas in those of adults recovery from anoxia was associated with drastic reduction in the uptake of these solutes. Overall, our results suggest that: (1) during anoxia, cell Ca2+ rises to critical levels in PCTs of adults compared with those of < 3-week-old animals, (2) Ca2+ influx occurs via a pathway activated by exposure to high [K+]o, presumably voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels or reversal of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange, (3) these pathways are either less active or less abundant in proximal tubules of newborn compared with adult rabbits, and (4) secondary active transport activity and cellular integrity are well preserved after anoxia in PCT cells of newborn but not of adult rabbits.
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PMID:Age dependence of tolerance to anoxia and changes in cytosolic calcium in rabbit renal proximal tubules. 889 66

Isometric twitch tension of ventricular preparations stimulated at 0.2 Hz fell over 30 min of anoxia by a fraction decreasing in the order rainbow trout, cod, eel, and freshwater turtle. Drops in the estimated cytoplasmic energy state were related to larger tension losses for trout than for the other species, possibly due to larger changes in free phosphate. Anoxic energy degradation was slower for turtle than for the other species. Anoxia combined with glycolytic inhibition (1 mmol/l iodoacetate) enhanced the decrease in twitch tension for a drop in energy state and enlarged the increase in ADP/ATP relative to that in creatine/phosphocreatine to an extent inversely related to the creatine kinase activity. Furthermore, it increased resting tension to an extent possibly related to myosin-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity and lowered the content of phosphorylated adenylates in trout and turtle myocardium. The results indicate that species differences in performance of the metabolically challenged myocardium depend on energy-degrading processes, e.g., myosin-ATPase activity, phosphate release, creatine kinase activity, and efflux/degradation of ADP and AMP, and that glycolysis offers protection due to its cytoplasmic localization.
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PMID:Cardiac force and high-energy phosphates under metabolic inhibition in four ectothermic vertebrates. 889 86


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