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Query: UMLS:C0003128 (anovulation)
 1,718 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prolactin exists in man as a distinct and separate anterior pituitary hormone from growth hormone. It is important in lactation and the control of gonadal function, although it may have a much wider and basic metabolic role, similar to its role in lower forms. In clinical endocrinology it is important as an index of pituitary and hypothalamic diseases; thus prolactin levels are elevated in association with these conditions and this reflects the normal tonic inhibitory hypothalamic control of prolactin by PIF; DA is the most important PIF. Hyperprolactinaemia causes hypogonadism in both men and women; it may present in women with amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, polymenorrhoea, regular cycles with anovulation or a defective luteal phase, and impotence in men. In either sex galactorrhoea is reported to occur in only 30 per cent of patients. Neurotransmitter therapy, with dopamine agonists which act as functional analogues of PIF, restores prolactin levels to normal and leads to a return of normal gonadal function. The mechanism of the hypogonadism is not clear and is discussed together with the problems associated with inducing pregnancy in these patients, who may harbour microadenomata of the pituitary.
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PMID:Prolactin. 40 65

Consideration of existing data leads to the hypothesis that polycystic ovary syndrome results from a primary abnormality in the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis characterized by increased IGF-1 activity at multiple sites. The effect of elevated IGF-1 activity upon the ovary, the adrenal, and on peripheral tissues may lead to the clinical and biochemical features of PCO, including hyperandrogenemic chronic anovulation, insulin resistance, and elevated adrenal androgen secretion. The fundamental defect may be a consequence of feeding behavior early in life.
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PMID:The etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO). 268 43

Depressive illness has been associated with reversible abnormalities in the pituitary response of growth hormone, prolactin, and ACTH-cortisol. We saw similar neuroendocrine abnormalities in a patient with pseudocyesis. Normalization of the hormonal responses occurred with resolution of the pseudocyesis. Ovarian responsiveness to HCG suggests pseudocyesis to be of central hypothalamic-pituitary origin similar to polycystic ovarian disease, with neuroendocrine data consistent with reversible depression. In patients with affective illness, ovulatory disturbances may be the presenting symptom. Thorough psychosocial evaluation may be an important tool in the diagnosis of and therapy for anovulation.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine indices of depression in pseudocyesis. A case report. 670 24

The morphological changes of the pituitary gland of 29 female dogs with spontaneous mammary tumours or dysplasia or both were correlated with basal serum prolactin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotrophin, thyrotrophin, cortisol, total cholesterol, thyroxine and thyroid binding index as well as with lesions in other endocrine and genital organs. Spontaneous canine mammary tumorigenesis seemed to be associated with increased secretory activity of growth hormone rather than prolactin cells. Depressed secretory activity of follicle stimulating hormone-, luteinizing hormone- and thyrotrophin-producing cells, as well as signs of inhibition of ovarian (anovulation) and thyroid function, were also consistent findings in dogs with mammary tumours. There also was disturbance in pituitary-adrenal function associated with hyperplastic and neoplastic changes of the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex.
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PMID:The role of the pituitary gland in spontaneous canine mammary tumorigenesis. 735 60

During the last decade many new experimental and clinical data were published demonstrating the inclusion of estrogens, progestagens, androgens, corticosteroids, prolactin, growth hormone and of insulin in the endocrine control of normal mammary tissue. Different hormonal disorders, such as lowered progesterone-estrogen-index (P.E.I.), anovulation, hyperprolactinemia, or increased prolactin-sensitivity of mammary tissue, are often responsible for the induction and/or maintenance of benign breast disease. therefore the endocrine treatment possesses deciding importance for the improvement or removal of breast symptoms. The present paper evaluates the role of progestagens, prolactin-inhibitors or anti-gonadotropins in the differentiated therapy of mastodynia, mastopathia, mammary secretion, mastitis, mammary hyperplasia, premenstrual syndrome and other disturbances. Dose levels and side effects of the various drugs are reviewed. The relation to other therapeutic procedures, as non-hormonal preparations or operative methods, is discussed.
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PMID:[Drug treatment of benign breast diseases]. 746 41

Parturition in the sow is followed by a period of anovulation which is prolonged by lactation. Follicular development and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion are depressed during the last month of pregnancy. After parturition, LH secretion increases but is again inhibited by the establishment of lactation. Lactating sows are submitted to stimuli originating from the young, whose intensity culminates 3-14 d post-partum (pp), and to high nutrient requirements for milk production. The inhibitory effects of sucklings are imposed during the first 3 d pp and seem to be mediated by the action of opioids at the hypothalamic level. The nutritional deficit constitutes an additional inhibitory factor. As lactation continues, LH secretion progressively increases. A further rise in LH occurs at weaning. Variations in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) profiles are less marked. The divergence observed between LH and FSH might be explained by different mechanisms of control; FSH secretion depends mainly on ovarian inhibition whereas LH secretion depends mainly on factors related to lactation. Folliculogenesis progressively resumes during lactation and follicles acquire the ability to respond to the weaning-associated stimuli and begin preovulatory growth. Hormones modified by lactation, such as prolactin, insulin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I, may influence folliculogenesis directly at the ovarian level or via modifications of gonadotrophin secretions. In conclusion, the inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis during lactation is mainly due to suckling-induced neuroendocrine reflexes. We hypothesize that the nutritional deficit becomes relatively more important during the third and fourth weeks pp.
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PMID:Endocrine bases of lactational anoestrus in the sow. 754 31

The objective of this study was to explore the effect of cotreatment with recombinant human growth hormone (GH), gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) and human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) for induction of ovulation in women with clomiphene resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in which 30 women with anovulation associated with PCOS who were resistant to clomiphene all received DTRP6-LHRH (Decapeptyl microcapsules, 3.75 mg, i.m.) and, 2 weeks later, HMG in a standard, conventional, individually adjusted dose regimen until human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and then luteal phase support could be given. From day 1 of HMG therapy, patients were randomized to receive either human GH (Norditropin, 12 IU/day, i.m., for 7 days) or placebo. The number of ampoules, duration of treatment and daily effective dose of HMG required to achieve ovulation, serum oestradiol concentrations and number of follicles induced, ovulation and pregnancy rates, serum insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations were measured. There were no significant differences between growth hormone and placebo groups in any of the outcomes measured, other than a growth hormone induced increase in serum insulin and IGF-I levels. We conclude that although GH kinetics are abnormal and GH pituitary reserves generally low in women with PCOS, adjuvant GH treatment to GnRHa/HMG does not influence follicular development or sensitivity in response to gonadotrophins and that it does not seem likely to be of any potential clinical benefit for the treatment of PCOS.
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PMID:Adjuvant growth hormone for induction of ovulation with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist and gonadotrophins in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. 856 68

While most studies show a higher body mass in Western women to be positively associated with an increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, they show a negative association in the case of premenopausal women. A review of case-control and cohort studies suggest that such protection applies mainly to obesity in teenage girls, whereas obesity appearing after the teenage years is more likely to be associated with a higher risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. The mechanisms are uncertain. There is evidence that obesity and the components of the Western diet can independently provoke hyperinsulinaemic insulin resistance at puberty, and in adolescent girls this has been related to evidence of abnormal ovarian steroidogenesis and anovulation. This may decrease promotion of mammary carcinogenesis. If however, obesity continues after the teenage years, the higher concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) associated with hyperinsulinaemia can interact with oestrogen receptors in mammary epithelium to lead to increased proliferative activity. This review postulates that the observed protective effect of early obesity against premenopausal breast cancer is likely to be replaced by an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer if obesity continues after the teenage years. The manifestation of breast cancer is merely postponed to an older age. Recent prospective and case-control studies suggest that increased bioavailability of IGF1 is a marker of increased breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Nutritional intake in early life may programme later activity in the growth hormone-IGF1 axis and influence the progression of transformed cells in mammary tissue. The question remains whether deliberate weight loss can reverse the effects of weight gain.
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PMID:Teenage obesity in relation to breast cancer risk. 982 39

Women of normal weight with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hyperinsulinemia presented high growth hormone (GH) levels in response to the l-dopa test, suggesting that the action of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) might be responsible for the elevation in LH and the consequent hyperandrogenic anovulation observed in normal weight women with PCOS. Insulin resistance and obesity are related to a reduction in GH secretion in obese women with PCOS.
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PMID:Growth hormone secretion and insulin-like growth factor-1 are related to hyperandrogenism in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. 1595 Jun 65

Metabolic hormones affect ovarian function in the cow. However, the relationship between metabolic factors and ovarian function is not clear in the postpartum primiparous cow because they are still growing. The aim of the present study was to investigate in detail the time-dependent profile of the metabolic hormones, metabolites, and milk yields of ovulatory and anovulatory primiparous cows during the first follicular wave postpartum. We used 16 primiparous Holstein cows and obtained blood samples for the profiles of metabolites (glucose; non-esterified fatty acid, NEFA; ketone body; total cholesterol; and aspartate aminotransferase), metabolic hormones (growth hormone, GH; insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF-1; and insulin), and progesterone every other day from 1 to 21 days postpartum. In addition, all ovaries were observed using ultrasound. Dairy milk yield was recorded during the experimental period. In all cows, the first follicular wave postpartum was observed and 6 of the cows ovulated. The plasma glucose (P<0.0001) and IGF-1 (P<0.001) concentrations were lower and the plasma NEFA (P<0.0001) and ketone bodies (P<0.0001) concentrations and daily milk yield (P<0.0001) were higher in the anovulatory cows compared to the ovulatory cows. However, the GH levels, which enhance lipolysis for milk production, insulin and other metabolites did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, the present study suggests that anovulation of the dominant follicle during the first follicular wave postpartum in primiparous cows is induced by low IGF-1 levels that are similar to those of multiparous cows. In addition, anovulatory cows are likely to mobilize body fat stores for milk production more easily than ovulatory cows.
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PMID:Metabolic profiles in ovulatory and anovulatory primiparous dairy cows during the first follicular wave postpartum. 1704 86


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