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Query: UMLS:C0003128 (anovulation)
 1,718 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The catechol oestrogen 2-hydroxyoestrone has been reported to lower serum prolactin concentrations acutely in normal women and it has been proposed that it may be effective in suppressing prolactin secretion in hyperprolactinaemic patients. Five women with hyperprolactinaemia and anovulation were studied. Following a control infusion, 2-hydroxyoestrone was given at a rate of 80 micrograms/h for 4 h. In no patient was there a fall in prolactin levels and no changes were observed in gonadotrophin concentrations. We conclude that a short-term infusion of 2-hydroxyoestrone, at a dose which will produce high blood levels of the steroid, does not affect prolactin or gonadotrophin secretion in hyperprolactinaemic states.
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PMID:Failure of 2-hydroxyoestrone to lower prolactin concentrations in hyperprolactinaemic women. 731 90

The morphological changes of the pituitary gland of 29 female dogs with spontaneous mammary tumours or dysplasia or both were correlated with basal serum prolactin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotrophin, thyrotrophin, cortisol, total cholesterol, thyroxine and thyroid binding index as well as with lesions in other endocrine and genital organs. Spontaneous canine mammary tumorigenesis seemed to be associated with increased secretory activity of growth hormone rather than prolactin cells. Depressed secretory activity of follicle stimulating hormone-, luteinizing hormone- and thyrotrophin-producing cells, as well as signs of inhibition of ovarian (anovulation) and thyroid function, were also consistent findings in dogs with mammary tumours. There also was disturbance in pituitary-adrenal function associated with hyperplastic and neoplastic changes of the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex.
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PMID:The role of the pituitary gland in spontaneous canine mammary tumorigenesis. 735 60

The etiological factors in patients complaining of infertility were investigated at the Riyadh Military Hospital in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective analysis of the 70 patients attending the gynecological clinic and seen by 1 consultant were made to determine any specific factors relating to their infertility. 41 (58.6%) of the patients complained of primary infertility, and 29 (41.4%) complained of secondary infertility. 4 case notes were not retrieved, leaving 37 case notes for analysis with primary infertility. 3 case notes were not retrieved in cases of secondary infertility, leaving 26 for analysis. 2 patients had proven syphilis in the primary infertile group, but tubal pathology was not necessarily high (13.5%) and a broad spectrum of pathology was found to be similar to a UK population. 13 primary infertile patients had had raised prolactin levels and were eligible for bromocriptine therapy. Thus far, 6 patients have received it. The analysis of the secondary infertile patients showed a high incidence of anovulation, although the prolactin levels remained in the more normally accepted range and, at the time of the study, only 1 patient was receiving bromocriptine therapy. Unsuspected endometrial tuberculosis was diagnosed in 1 case in the secondary infertile group (and generalized tuberculosis was known in 1 case in the primary infertile group), tuberculosis remains a high possibility as en etiological factor. Schistosomiasis was considered as an etiological factor but was not found in any of the gynecological patients and only 2 cases of genital schistosomiasis were detected in Riyadh between 1964-67. 3 of the husbands in the secondary infertile group had an abnormal semen analysis, and 8 of the husbands in the primary infertile group also had abnormal counts. Several analyses showed an unusually high incidence of pus cells and asymptomatic bacteriospermia has been shown to be associated with infertility. Antibiotic therapy was thus indicated with repeat semen analysis in the management of such infertile patients. Further stuides are indicated to determine the number of patients attending the primary care, surgical, and medical clinics for investigation of male infertility. A number of male patients with schistosomiasis are attending the Primary Care Department for investigation and treatment.
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PMID:Infertility in Saudi Arabia: initial experience in a new gynaecological unit. 739 86

During the last decade many new experimental and clinical data were published demonstrating the inclusion of estrogens, progestagens, androgens, corticosteroids, prolactin, growth hormone and of insulin in the endocrine control of normal mammary tissue. Different hormonal disorders, such as lowered progesterone-estrogen-index (P.E.I.), anovulation, hyperprolactinemia, or increased prolactin-sensitivity of mammary tissue, are often responsible for the induction and/or maintenance of benign breast disease. therefore the endocrine treatment possesses deciding importance for the improvement or removal of breast symptoms. The present paper evaluates the role of progestagens, prolactin-inhibitors or anti-gonadotropins in the differentiated therapy of mastodynia, mastopathia, mammary secretion, mastitis, mammary hyperplasia, premenstrual syndrome and other disturbances. Dose levels and side effects of the various drugs are reviewed. The relation to other therapeutic procedures, as non-hormonal preparations or operative methods, is discussed.
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PMID:[Drug treatment of benign breast diseases]. 746 41

Parturition in the sow is followed by a period of anovulation which is prolonged by lactation. Follicular development and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion are depressed during the last month of pregnancy. After parturition, LH secretion increases but is again inhibited by the establishment of lactation. Lactating sows are submitted to stimuli originating from the young, whose intensity culminates 3-14 d post-partum (pp), and to high nutrient requirements for milk production. The inhibitory effects of sucklings are imposed during the first 3 d pp and seem to be mediated by the action of opioids at the hypothalamic level. The nutritional deficit constitutes an additional inhibitory factor. As lactation continues, LH secretion progressively increases. A further rise in LH occurs at weaning. Variations in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) profiles are less marked. The divergence observed between LH and FSH might be explained by different mechanisms of control; FSH secretion depends mainly on ovarian inhibition whereas LH secretion depends mainly on factors related to lactation. Folliculogenesis progressively resumes during lactation and follicles acquire the ability to respond to the weaning-associated stimuli and begin preovulatory growth. Hormones modified by lactation, such as prolactin, insulin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I, may influence folliculogenesis directly at the ovarian level or via modifications of gonadotrophin secretions. In conclusion, the inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis during lactation is mainly due to suckling-induced neuroendocrine reflexes. We hypothesize that the nutritional deficit becomes relatively more important during the third and fourth weeks pp.
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PMID:Endocrine bases of lactational anoestrus in the sow. 754 31

The endocrine equilibrium which regulates reproductive function in women can be affected by physical and psychological factors. Blood levels of hormones depend on a balance between production, metabolism and clearance rates. Intensive physical exercise may affect this balance via different mechanisms, such as stress associated with competition, dieting, reduction of body fat and body weight, production of heat or hypoxia. Women who engage in regular high intensity exercise may be at risk, as a consequence of these hormonal changes, of developing menstrual disturbances such as oligomenorrhoea, delayed menarche and amenorrhoea. Impaired production of gonadotrophins, which leads to luteal phase deficiency and anovulation, is a common hormonal finding with exercise-induced menstrual disturbances, but several other hormones may show significant alterations. In this article we have reviewed the recent literature on the effects of intensive physical exercise on the menstrual cycle, on some important physical parameters such as bone mineral density and bodyweight, and on those hormones (gonadotrophins, prolactin, melatonin, opioid peptides and steroids) which regulate, directly or indirectly, the reproductive function in women.
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PMID:Reproductive hormones and menstrual changes with exercise in female athletes. 760

To test the hypotheses that nighttime suckling and elevated nocturnal prolactin concentrations are essential for the continuation of lactational anovulation, the effects of restricting nursing to twelve h per day (either day or night) on maternal prolactin (Prl) levels and resumption of ovulatory menstrual cycles were studied in five groups of cynomolgus monkeys: Group 1: baby weaned: Group 2: baby fully nursed: Group 3: baby nursed night only; Group 4: baby nursed day only; and Group 5: baby housed with mother but not allowed to nurse. Restrictions were initiated at approximately 150 days postpartum and were achieved by placing a non-nursing jacket over the nursing jacket, which was worn 24 h/day. Fifteen out of seventeen monkeys remained anovulatory while housed with their infants, irrespective of the type of nursing restriction. First postpartum ovulations occurred approximately two months post-weaning. Plasma prolactin concentrations during both day and nighttime were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the fully nursing group(s) than in all other groups. Fully nursing mothers had significantly (p < 0.01) greater prolactin concentrations at night than during the day. Among the restricted groups, the night only suckling group had significantly greater prolactin concentrations at night than the other restricted groups. There were no differences between daytime values, and within each restricted group there were no significant differences between day and night prolactin levels. We conclude that 1) nighttime suckling is not an absolute prerequisite for sustained lactational anovulation, and 2) suckling-induced hyperprolactinemia is not the principle mediator of lactational anovulation.
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PMID:Lactational anovulation in non-human primates: restriction of nursing inhibits Prl secretion without precipitating the return of ovulatory menstrual cyclicity in cynomolgus monkeys. 779 94

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the transient increase of serum prolactin levels on the gonadotropin secretion system in patients with occult hyperprolactinemia (OHP). 216 cases of normoprolactinemic hypothalamic anovulatious were selected by LH-RH and TRH loading tests, and 5mg/day of bromocriptine was administered for more than 8 weeks. The effectiveness of the bromocriptine administration was estimated by the ultrasonic examination of the follicular development. The endocrinological backgrounds were compared between bromocriptine effective (154 cases, group A) and non-effective (62 cases, group B) patients. Serum prolactin levels 30min. after LH-RH and TRH loading (PRL30 in group A were significantly higher than those of group B (74.1 +/- 36.5 vs. 38.0 +/- 18.2ng/ml, p < 0.01). From this result, it was thought that many of the OHP patients were selected in group A. Serum LH levels 30min. after loading test (LH30) in group A also increased compared to those of group B (65.0 +/- 66.5 vs. 43.1 +/- 34.3mIU/ml, p < 0.02). The LH/FSH ratio before loading was also higher in group A (1.3 +/- 0.6) than that of group B (1.0 +/- 0.5, p < 0.02). This fact showed that group A also contained patients with hyper-LH hypothalamic anovulation, which is known as the endocrinological PCOD. There were also significant inverse correlations between serum levels of prolactin and FSH in group A (before loading values: r = 0.272, 30min. after loading: r = 0.224, p < 0.01). By the administration of bromocriptine, serum prolactin levels decreased both in group A and B, and the elevated serum LH/FSH ratio (1.0 +/- 0.4, p < = 0.02), LH30 (46.1 +/- 37.0mIU/ml, p < 0.005) also decreased significantly. Serum levels of FSH in group A increased significantly with treatment (before loading: 5.4 +/- 2.6-->6.2 +/- 2.0, 30min. after loading: 10.6 +/- 6.0-->14.6 +/- 9.9mIU/ml, p < 0.005). From these facts, it was concluded that FSH secretion was suppressed even by a slight increase of serum prolactin levels which was usually seen in the OHP, and bromocriptine administration was effective not only for the suppression of serum prolactin and LH levels, but also for the improvement of FSH secretion in the OHP patients.
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PMID:[The effect of occult hyperprolactinemia (OHP) on gonadotropin secretion system]. 785 90

The contraceptive effect of lactation is undisputed. Nursing increases the prolactin level in the serum. The attendant hyperprolactinemia suppresses all levels of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovary axis. The occurrence of anovulation is mainly attributed to the negative effect of increased prolactin on the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), which results in the suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion. It is not known to what effect the suckling stimulus itself influences the GnRH activity on the hypothalamic level. The risk of ovulation can be greatly reduced by a proper nursing routine, the frequency of nursing rather than the duration of nursing being credited with a greater anovulatory effect. The more often and longer nursing occurs daily, the higher the prolactin level and the smaller the risk of ovulation. In addition, full nursing increases contraceptive safety. In a 1972 study, 14% of fully breast-feeding women ovulated compared with 29% of partly breast-feeding women within 16 weeks' postpartum. Full breast feeding assures a 98% rate of protection from pregnancy in the first 6 months' postpartum. To prevent a drop in the serum prolactin level, nursing should also be done at night. Amenorrhea during the lactation period is one of the most important prerequisites for adequate contraception. The first menstrual cycles in the lactation period are often anovular and are characterized by corpus luteum insufficiency. Lactation-induced amenorrhea, nursing frequency of at least 6 times a day, nursing duration of at least 60 minutes/day, additional feedings a maximum of once a day, and nocturnal nursing are the requirements for sufficient nursing-induced contraception. Effective contraceptive protection is attained only up to the 9th week postpartum. If high postpartum contraceptive safety is required, a minipill should be recommended. Even so, lactation can only be recommended as a moderate contraceptive measure, and an additional chemical-mechanical method should be initiated 3 months' postpartum.
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PMID:[The risk of conception during lactation]. 801 52

Some component of the suckling process inhibits LH secretion and delays postpartum ovulation in beef cows. To investigate a possible role for maternal behavior in suckling-mediated anovulation, 27 crossbred beef cows were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 groups: 1) alien (dam suckled by alien calf; n = 11); 2) own (dam suckled by own calf; n = 8); and 3) weaned (calf removed for 6 days; n = 8). Beginning 14-17 days after parturition (experimental Day 0), cows were control suckled (10 min every 6 h) in stanchions for 6 days by either their own calf or by an alien calf or were weaned. Mean LH pulse frequencies in the alien and weaned groups were similar but were elevated (p < 0.02) on experimental Days 2 and 4 compared to those in the own group. The incidence of luteal activity by experimental Day 10 was greater (p < 0.01) for the alien (72.2%) and weaned groups (75.0%) than for the own group (12.5%). Frequency of oxytocin release following suckling was greater (p < 0.01) in the own group than in the alien group (Day 2: 100% vs. 36.4%; Day 4: 100% vs. 54.6%), whereas suckling-induced release of prolactin was similar for both groups. Data provide evidence that the mother-offspring bond is an important link in suckling-mediated inhibition of LH secretion and ovulation.
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PMID:Evidence for maternal behavior as a requisite link in suckling-mediated anovulation in cows. 828 16


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