Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0003128 (anovulation)
 1,718 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infertility associated with anovulation and loss of regular oestrous cyclicity is a consequence of diabetes mellitus in the rat. In an attempt to define loci of altered function, studies were undertaken to examine various aspects of hypothalamic-pituitary function in rats treated with streptozotocin. Medial basal hypothalamic fragments from adult female diabetic rats contained the same amount of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone but, with depolarization, released slightly but insignificantly (p greater than 0.05) more than did those from control animals. Furthermore, release of luteinizing hormone from pituitaries exposed to hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone was not altered by diabetes. Removal of the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids upon the hypothalamic-pituitary axis produced an increase in luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations in the serum of normal rats within 6h (p less than 0.05), whereas 24h were required for similar increases in diabetic rats. However, the same concentrations of gonadotrophins were found in diabetic and control animals 120 h after ovariectomy. The inhibitory action of oestradiol benzoate on the secretion of gonadotrophins was more pronounced in ovariectomized diabetic than in control rats. A 74% depression in serum luteinizing hormone (p less than 0.01) was produced by 0.5 microgram oestradiol benzoate per day in diabetic rats, while 5 micrograms was required in control animals. Similar reductions in follicle stimulating hormone concentrations (50%, p less than 0.05) were obtained by injecting 5 micrograms of the oestrogen into diabetic or 50 micrograms into control rats. Increases in serum prolactin were greater in the control animals however.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Altered hypothalamic-pituitary function in the adult female rat with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 392 97

Polycystic ovarian disease represents a poorly defined spectrum of clinical disorders having oligo-ovulation or anovulation as a common feature. There is no single, universally accepted biochemical or clinical definition. Clinical findings usually include anovulation resulting in irregular uterine bleeding and infertility, androgen excess resulting in hirsutism and acne, and obesity. The patho-physiology involves altered functions of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and adrenal glands, resulting in failure of folliculogenesis to regularly proceed to ovulation. The cause of the initiating event in this disease process remains enigmatic. Therapy for the various abnormalities in polycystic ovarian disease is tailored to a patient's needs and may include preventing endometrial hyperplasia, controlling irregular uterine bleeding, controlling hirsutism and inducing ovulation.
 ...
PMID:Polycystic ovarian disease. 392 38

Hyperprolactinemia is a major cause of anovulation and female infertility. However, we found 22 hyperprolactinemic patients with preserved ovarian function as assessed by midluteal plasma progesterone levels greater than 7 ng/ml. We performed a gel chromatography on the plasma of six of those patients to study the circulating pattern of prolactin (PRL). In all six patients we found that the vast majority of circulating PRL corresponds to big,big and big PRL, with only a small proportion of monomeric biologically active PRL. This finding might explain the preserved luteal function in those women and might have therapeutic implications.
 ...
PMID:Chromatographic pattern of circulating prolactin in ovulatory hyperprolactinemia. 393 1

With the use of pelvic ultrasound imaging we have found that more than half of the women presenting to our clinic with ovulatory disturbances have polycystic ovaries. As a group hirsutism is common, the serum LH, the LH:FSH ratio and serum androgen levels are higher than in other groups of patients with anovulation, but many of the women we studied were non-hirsute and had normal levels of these hormones. The aetiology of PCOS remains obscure and there is probably more than one cause. Disturbance of hypothalamic/pituitary, ovarian or adrenal function could all result in the development of polycystic ovaries. Our own data, based on pelvic ultrasound and measurement of serum androgen levels, suggest that an ovarian abnormality, other than the obvious morphological one, may be identified in most women although this does not prove (except perhaps in those women with unilateral PCOS) that the ovary is the primary site of the disturbance. Management of ovulatory disturbances includes symptomatic treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding and induction of ovulation. Although the ovulation rate following clomiphene is quoted as about 75%, this is probably an overestimate; less than half the 'ovulators' become pregnant and in those who do there is a high risk of early pregnancy loss. Induction of ovulation in clomiphene non-responders remains a difficult problem. The results of ovarian wedge resection are variable and any beneficial effect is short-lived with the risk of long-term infertility due to pelvic adhesions. Laparoscopic electrocautery may be a useful alternative, but it is too early to assess this form of treatment. Of the medical methods of ovulation induction in clomiphene non-responders, two methods have emerged as being highly promising: the first is administration of HMG following suppression of the pituitary by an LH-RH analogue; so far only a very small number of patients have been treated. The second is low-dose FSH. Initial studies, including our own, have shown a high incidence of ovulation and a pregnancy rate of 50%.
 ...
PMID:Ovulatory disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 393 79

Clinical findings in a group of infertile patients with endometriosis were reviewed to determine if minimal (focal) disease exerted an effect on reproductive outcome. Focal disease, defined as isolated implants less than or equal to 5 mm without pelvic adhesions or anatomic distortion, was found in 69 patients, with 35% manifesting menstrual dysfunction/anovulation. Patients with focal disease were divided into two groups: those treated with danazol (400-800 mg) daily for six months and those not treated. Conception occurred in 71% of the danazol-treated patients and 30% of the untreated ones. These results suggest that focal endometriosis does influence reproductive performance and that infertile patients with focal disease should be treated more aggressively with the available medical regimens, particularly when the infertility is of significant duration or when routine therapy has failed.
 ...
PMID:Clinical significance of focal pelvic endometriosis. 402 Jul 90

Progressively increasing plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations are currently associated with menstrual disturbances, anovulation and cessation of cyclic activity. Galactorrhea-amenorrhea in the presence of normal plasma PRL is rare, but the favorable response to bromocriptine confirms its lactogen dependency. The concept of "transient hyperprolactinemia' is analyzed and alternative explanations for the positive results of dopamine agonist therapy in this particular condition are proposed. Moderate hyperprolactinemia can be associated with luteal inadequacy and infertility. Inhibition of PRL secretion with bromocriptine can normalize luteal function and restore the ability to conceive.
 ...
PMID:Management of borderline hyperprolactinemia. 405 40

Infertility, permanent or temporary, resulting from drug-induced injury is an important clinical problem. Many common used drugs are potentially toxic to gonads. It is well-known that estrogens are toxic to the male genital system, but androgens may also produce infertility. Anovulation may also be a consequence of exposure to sex steroids. Cimetidine regularly produces hypospermia in men; phenytoin does so occasionally. Marijuana has been shown to be a gonadal toxin, while the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) remain controversial. The most significant group of drugs that may injure the gonads is the cancer chemotherapeutic agents, of which the alkylating agents are the worst offenders. Prediction of infertility induced by these agents may be possible based on the duration of therapy and the patient's age and sex.
 ...
PMID:Effects of drugs on the male and female reproductive systems. 406 26

Laparoscopic investigation of primary infertility was performed in 104 women at Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi. Time of admission was during the 2nd half of the cycle in order to determine whether ovulation had occurred. The endometrial curettings were divided into 2: 1 was sent for histology and the other for culture and guinea pig innoculation for tuberculosis. Before laparoscopy, an effort was made to study the husband. Criteria for normality were either satisfactory seminal analysis or presence of children by another woman, the last born being younger than the duration of infertility. 24% had a history of disorders of menstruation. Only about 66% of the husbands were investigated, and abnormality was detected in 5%. The total patency rate was 22.6% with half of these having only 1 patent tube. Of the cases with blocked tubes (73.1%), nearly 25% had tuboovarian masses as a complication, and this excludes the possibility of surgical treatment. In the 26 cases with 1 or both tubes patent, the 2 most important factors were disorders of menstruation and anovulation on the 1 hand and faulty or uninvestigated husbands on the other. These 2 factors explained the cause of infertility in about 50%. In selecting cases that might benefit from tubal surgery, criteria were minimal involvement of the tubes with no masses, few peritubal adhesions causing kinking of the tubes, and fimbrial occlusion as demonstrated by the dye swelling up the tube. The finding of 76% tubal occlusion rate far exceeded the figure of 56% given by Chatfield, Suter, Bremner, Edwards, and McAdam, indicating that the problem is greater than previously thought. In only 25% of the cases could one help either through reassurance or treatment of disorders of menstruation and anovulation. The scope of surgical repair of blocked tubes is limited to a possible 12%. It appears necessary to reconsider the priorities at overtaxed clinics and hospitals. Possibly the best service that can be offered to patients is the treatment of disorders of menstruation. Due to the fact that there was evidence of past pelvic inflammatory disease in over 80% of all cases, the importance of gonorrhea cannot be underestimated.
 ...
PMID:A second look into the problem of primary infertility in Kenya. 472 99

This paper reports a clinical evaluation of the mechanism of action of clomiphene citrate and describes selection of the most responsive patients. Patients were 121 women, aged 21-37 years, who desired pregnancy. Their infertility was diagnosed as being due to anovulation. Primary amenorrhea or special endocrine disorders were not present. All the women who had no vaginal bleeding for more than 2 months were diagnosed amenorrhea and treated with 65 mg of progesterone capronate intramuscularly. They were then divided into two subgroups on the basis of the presence or absence of vaginal bleeding within 2 weeks. Clinical studies included: basal body temperature charts; daily vaginal smears evaluated by the ink acidophilic stain index (ISI); cervical mucus evaluated by amount, spresence of spinnbarkeit, and ferning; 24-hour urines examined for estrogen and total gonadotropic activity; and a pregnanediol determination. Each group received daily 50 mg doses of clomiphene citrate for 5 days. Estrogen inhibiting effect of the drug was suggested by vaginal cytology and the disappearance of ferning and decrease in quantity of cervical mucus. However, the excretion of the total urinary estrogen was increased in ovulatory cases (81 of the 121 patients). In 17 patients having no bleeding within 2 weeks after progesterone injection no ovulation could be induced. In patients with withdrawal flow 54 of 70 achieved ovulation. Of 37 patients with previous anovulatory bleeding 27 achieved ovulation. There were 11 of the 121 who became pregnant. In those with early ovulation the antiestrogen effect is believed to be in the hypothalamus and pituitary bringing about the estrogen surge and stimulating LH secretion. In those with later ovulation the antiestrogenic effect increased FSH secretion followed by ovulation. The type of patient most likely to respond to clomiphene citrate is one with nearly normal pituitary-gonadal axis. Inducing withdrawal bleeding with progesterone in those amenarrheic patients who are to be treated with clomiphene citrate is believed to be a good method of anticipating the result of the treatment.
 ...
PMID:Clomiphene citrate and its effects upon ovulation and estrogen. 502 17

This paper emphasized the syndrome of anovulation and infertility following oral contraceptive therapy in patients with previously regular menses. Case histories of 2 successfully treated patients are given. The first was 22-years-old, gravida 0, and had taken Enovid for almost a year following marriage. Physical and histological findings were normal. Withdrawal flow but not ovulation followed oral administration of 10 mg of 6-alpha methyl 17-acetoxyprogesterone daily for 5 days. Ovulation began after prednisone, 5 mg twice daily, was given for 1 month. Several months later she conceived and has had a normal delivery. The other patient, a 23-year-old gravida 0, used Enovid for 2 years. After cessation her previously regular menstrual periods became very irregular and complete amenorrhea had lasted 4 months. Prednisone, 5 mg twice a day, restored ovulation in 1 month. She conceived the following month. Relative frequency of anovulation following oral contraception is believed greater than suspected. Patients who have not yet completed their families should be warned of the risk and contraceptives should not be used to treat infertility to produce a "rebound" effect.
 ...
PMID:The oral contraceptives and infertility. 521 29


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>