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Query: UMLS:C0003128 (anovulation)
 1,718 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 2616 endometrial biopsies received over a 55 month period, 1022 (39.1%) were from patients with primary infertility. All endometria from these patients were reviewed and while most diagnosis agreed with the primary diagnosis made by the reporting pathologist, an interobserver difference of 6.8 per cent was found. This difference occurred only on biopsies with anovulatory endometrium. Of the 1022 patients, 238 had definite hormonal derangements as assessed by morphological means on endometrial biopsy. Anovulation as assessed by glandular stromal dissociation and as a cause of infertility was noted in 12.6 per cent patients. The incidence of anovulation increased over the age period of 20-25 yr, with a peak at 25 yr. A close parallel was found of the period of anovulation and the period of nubility. An inflammatory cause for the infertility appeared to be negligible in our series.
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PMID:Endometrial biopsy in women with primary infertility. 207 Nov 79

In 18 women with infertility and chronic anovulation with normal gonadotropins, three different responses were observed to increasing doses (250 to 750 mg) of clomiphene citrate (CC). Follicle development and ovulation in 8, follicle development but no ovulation without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 6, and no response to CC in 4. Serum concentrations of bioactive luteinizing hormone (bioactive-LH), immunoactive (immunoactive-LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol (E2) were measured and follicle growth was assessed by daily ultrasound. Findings were compared with 8 normal ovulatory controls. Folliculogenesis on CC therapy, based on our data, was 78%; however, only 44% ovulated spontaneously, 34% required hCG for follicle rupture. There were no apparent hormonal indicators to predict responders from nonresponders. The absence of an LH surge in the presence of follicles and sustained high E2 concentrations in 34% of patients may be associated with a decreased E2 sensitivity at the hypothalamic-pituitary level. Ultrasound easily identified patients who responded to CC with folliculogenesis but did not initiate an LH surge. Follicle rupture was achieved promptly by hCG administration.
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PMID:Luteinizing hormone bioactivity and variable responses to clomiphene citrate in chronic anovulation. 212 49

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of intrauterine insemination with husband's washed semen during stimulated cycles using a combined treatment of GnRH agonist (buserelin) and gonadotropins. 47 infertile couples were studied; 25 couples were treated with buserelin and gonadotropins (study group) and 22 (control group) received clomiphene citrate alone. Indications for treatment, in both groups, were male subfertility, cervical factor or unexplained infertility. For sperm preparation, the same swim up technique in both groups was used. In the study group, 15 pregnancies were achieved (pregnancy rate: 60%) whereas only 5 pregnancies were achieved in the control group (pregnancy rate: 22.7%) (p less than 0.01). The pregnancy rate per cycle was 17.6 and 4.8 respectively (p less than 0.01). The mean number of follicles per cycle (+/- SEM) was 3.6 +/- 0.2 and 1.7 +/- 0.07, respectively (p less than 0.0005). Comparing successful and unsuccessful cycles a difference was observed only among the levels of 17 beta E2, both per cycle and per follicle/cycle (1075 +/- 165.4 vs 721 +/- 57.6 and 319.8 +/- 42.6 vs 219.9 +/- 17.8; p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.0005 respectively). The authors conclude that intrauterine insemination with washed sperm during stimulated superovulatory cycles is a successful mode of therapy in all couples with infertility not associated with anatomic damage of the adnexa or with chronic anovulation.
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PMID:Superovulation with buserelin and gonadotropins dramatically improves the success rate of intrauterine insemination with husband's washed semen. 212 58

The cult of a slim body without the slightest bit of adipose tissue and the food restriction or selection habits it creates are extremely common in our society. Their influence on menstrual cycle and female infertility is not negligible. A vegetarian low calorie diet may induce cycle disorders and a short luteal phase. Disturbances in the pulsatility of gonadotropic hormones are responsible for anovulation, and they occur when slimness with excessive reduction of the body fat mass is associated with psycho-socio-professional stress factors or with intensive sporting activities. The greater frequency of dysovulation in obese women, notably those who put on weight rapidly, is accompanied by numerous hormonal changes, including reduced sex hormone-binding globulin, increased ovarian and adrenal androgen production, increased peripheral aromatization of androgens to oestrogens, and altered gonadotropin pulsatile secretion. The hyperinsulinism consecutive to insulin resistance in obese subjects might act as co-factor of the luteinizing hormone and as such participate in abnormalities of follicular maturation by stimulating the insulin-like growth factor and the ovarian androgens. However, the relative importance of these various factors in the physiopathology of abnormal ovulation remains to be determined. Overweight reduces the effectiveness of clomiphene citrate, menopausal gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in stimulating the follicles. Weight loss reduces hormonal disturbances and facilitates follicular maturation and ovulation in spontaneous or induced cycles.
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PMID:[Influence of abnormal weight and imbalanced diet on female fertility]. 214 38

Twenty-eight hyperandrogenemic women suffering from infertility owing to chronic anovulation were treated with hMG. Only 7 patients exhibited the typical polycystic ovarian appearance of multiple subcortical cysts, however, a wide range (6-15 cm3) of ovarian volume was observed. The LH/FSH ratio was consistently lower than 2.5 and circulating androgens of both ovarian and adrenal origin were elevated. The 4 days dexamethasone suppression test showed more than 80% suppression of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate and a variable (40-60%) reduction of testosterone and androstenedione levels. Two different patterns of follicular development were observed in response to hMG. Sixteen patients exhibited polycystic ovarian reaction, whereas 12 women had a follicular growth pattern similar to that seen in hMG-stimulated normo-ovulatory subjects. Patients with polycystic ovarian reaction showed a significantly increased androstenedione response to hMG when compared with the other group. Moreover, the non-stimulated ovarian volume was found to be markedly greater than in subjects without polycystic reaction. Thus, ovarian stimulation of patients with mixed hyperandrogenemia may elucidate the presence of borderline polycystic ovaries; furthermore the increased accumulation of androstenedione may suggest an inherent ovarian failure.
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PMID:Ovarian response patterns to human menopausal gonadotropin in mixed hyperandrogenemia. 214 87

The relationship of endometriosis, the most common benign gynaecological disease during reproductive life, to infertility is generally ill understood. The association between infertility and minimal to mild endometriosis, when no anatomical defect is evident, may be explained by the following possible mechanisms: alternations in peritoneal fluid (macrophages - immunoglobulins, Interleukin-1, protease inhibitors, prostanoids, an ovum capture inhibitor), ovulatory dysfunctions (anovulation, LUF syndrome), luteal phase defect, disturbed implantation, and spontaneous abortion. These possibilities are discussed. The latest prospective controlled studies offer strong evidence that endometriosis per se is not a direct cause of infertility. On the other hand, the disease usually deteriorates if not treated, and therefore medical or surgical interventions are often needed when expectant treatment or other infertility therapies, e.g., ovulation induction, fail to result in pregnancy. Women with minimal to mild endometriosis only should be diagnosed as having unexplained infertility, which today may be treated by in vitro fertilization.
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PMID:Endometriosis and infertility. 219 63

A 35-year-old woman with chronic anovulation and bilateral tubal disease was found during infertility evaluation to have grade I endometrial carcinoma confined to an endometrial polyp. She was treated with polypectomy and endometrial curettage followed by high-dose progestagens for 6 months. Endometrial curettage at 3 and 6 months of therapy indicated regression of the lesion and the patient subsequently achieved successful pregnancy with IVF.
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PMID:Pregnancy after in vitro fertilization in a patient with stage I endometrial carcinoma treated with progestins. 220 99

Up to 1/3 of women of child bearing age are infertile in certain African areas. Over 1000 patients registered at Bawku Hospital, Upper East Region, Ghana during an 18-month period, where a scheme for the investigation and treatment of infertile patients was established. The 5 main causes of infertility are: 1) tubal damage; 2) male factor; 3) anovulation; 4) uterine factor; and 5) unexplained. Special clinics are set up for infertility; outpatient staff are recruited. A preprinted questionnaire should be used for a uniform approach. The one used in Bawku is shown in the appendix. Health talks should be given. They should use the local language be at the right level, and use visual aids. In large clinics, numbers should be used to insure a 1st come, 1st served basis. A treatment protocol is important. When the patient 1st walks in, the infertility form is completed; appropriate investigations are done--hemoglobin, VDRL, seminal analysis, and cervical or high vagina swabs, and others--and the results are reviewed. The patient is encouraged to keep a menstrual calendar for 3 months. At the 2nd visit, the menstrual calendar is reviewed. A pelvic examination and a tubal patency test (TPT) are done. At the 3rd visit, abdominal and pelvic examinations are done and a TPT. Then patients can be diagnosed and counselled accordingly. At the last visit, further explanation is given, further TPTs are done if necessary, and anovulation is treated with clomiphene. The visits are spread out over 6 months. In unexplained fertility cases, the couple is told there is nothing wrong, they should keep trying. The idea that the man may be causing the infertility is foreign to many communities. This needs changing. 20% of infertility is due to male factor in Bawku. Male infertility is hard to cure. Cultural considerations prevent the clinician from telling the patient that her partner is infertile. They will tell her that there is nothing wrong with her. Approximately 15% become pregnant. The clinic has a strong psychological component.
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PMID:Infertility: an approach to management in a district hospital in Ghana. 175 Aug 65

Treatment with exogenous gonadotrophic hormones to overcome certain cases of female infertility has been used for more than 30 years. Children born after such treatment have not shown any increased incidence of abnormalities (genetic or otherwise) and their reproductive ability seems normal. Furthermore, no increase in malignant disease (breast, ovarian, endometrial) have been reported following such repetitive gonadotrophic stimulations. Thus it seems the treatment can be regarded as safe. Two categories of patients are treated today. Firstly, hypothalamic-hypophyseal insufficiencies (WHO group I), where treatment is compulsory for attaining fertility, and secondly (including anovulation WHO group II), more or less regularly cycling women, where gonadotrophic treatment is used to augment fertility. Especially in the latter group, caution must be taken not to induce adverse effects. To meet these demands, exogenous gonadotrophic stimulation needs to be combined with other drugs and regimens that take into consideration the problems created by the concomitant presence of endogenous gonadotrophins.
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PMID:Human gonadotrophins. 228 41

The patient with androgen excess may present with amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, painless metromenorrhagia, or infertility. Adrenal and ovarian tumors, though uncommon, must be excluded in the workup. The long-term sequelae of untreated anovulation includes adenomatous hyperplasia and cancer of the endometrium. Treatment can range from uncomplicated follow-up with cosmetic advice to the use of potent drugs that induce ovulation.
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PMID:Gynecologic problems of androgen excess. 235 85


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