Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper reports a study of changes in red blood cell enzymes and some serum parameters during and after treatment of protein-calorie malnutrition. The red cell GSH levels were low during the crisis, together with the levels of GSSG:NADPH reductase, GSH:H2O2 peroxidase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. After treatment the levels of all these enzymes increased significantly to normal values. Of the serum parameters investigated, significant reduction in the activity of the enzymes cholinesterase, catecholamine oxidase, total proteins, albumin, urea and electrolytes were obvious, and returned to normal values after treatment. Ceruloplasmin activity remained low even after three weeks' treatment and could not be related to copper levels. The results are discussed in relation to anemia and liver damage that may accompany the syndrome.
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PMID:Protein-calorie malnutrition: a study of red blood cell and serum enzymes during and after crisis. 82 Apr 94

Cobalt deficiency was produced in goats by feeding them rhode grass hay. The deficient animals excreted increased amounts of methyl malonic acid in their urine, indicating a lack of vitamin B12. Erythrocyte reduced glutathione levels increased with the onset of anemia. There was a concomitant increase in the levels of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (GSSG NADPH Reductase) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH:H2O2 peroxidase)during deficiency. These results are compared with similar observations reported for vitamin B12 deficiency in humans.
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PMID:Erythrocyte glutathione metabolism in cobalt-deficient goats. 103 28

Heme oxygenase (HO) and biliverdin reductase (BR), the two NADPH-dependent enzymes involved in the degradation of hemoglobin and its derivatives, were measured in bone marrow aspirates from 5 hematologically normal persons, 4 patients with chronic leucemia (CL), 11 patients with acute leucemia (AL), 8 patients with refractory sideroblastic anemia (RA), 7 patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IA), 5 patients with hemolytic anemia (HA), and 7 patients with secondary anemia (SA) to determine the enzymatic capacity of the bone marrow in different hematologic disorders for heme catabolism. HO activity in the bone marrow of normal persons was 0.42 +/- 0.28 (SD) nmoles bilirubin/10 mg protein/min; in CL, 2.15 +/- 1.34; in AL, 0.39 +/- 0.25; in RA, 0.58 +/- 0.37; in IA, 0.41 +/- 0.28; in HA, 2.56 +/- 1.40; and in SA, 1.72 +/- 1.06. BR activity, respectively, was in normal persons 8.7 +/- 2.4 (SD) nmoles bilirubin/10 mg protein/min; in CL, 13.6 +/- 9.1; in AL, 3.8 +/- 3.1 in RA, 5.1 +/- 2.7; in IA, 5.5 +/- 3.7; in HA, 17.0 +/- 7.2; and in SA, 10.5 +/- 4.2. On the basis of these findings it seems evident that both oxygenase and biliverdin reductase activities of the bone marrow are capable of adaptive regulation. The physiologic role of bone marrow in heme catabolism seems to be of significant importance.
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PMID:Bone marrow: its contribution to heme catabolism. 107 Feb 84

1. Primaquine (PQ) often causes severe anaemia in individuals with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient erythrocytes, and metabolites have been implicated as the toxic substance. These studies present data identifying additional metabolites of PQ. 2. Two metabolites of primaquine (PQ) previously identified in human studies, namely, 6-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline (MAQ) and 8-(3-carboxy-1-methylpropylamino)-6-methoxyquinoline (PQC) were also formed on incubation of PQ with hamster liver fractions for up to 24 h without an NADPH-generating system. 3. The alcohol (PQAOH) and lactam (PQLT) derivatives of PQ were also formed on incubation with hamster liver fraction used in these studies. 4. The microsomal metabolism of PQ was decreased in presence of an NADPH-generating system, but not by SKF-525A or glutathione (GSH) indicating that the oxidative reactions were probably not due to the cytochrome P-450 system or free radical mechanisms.
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PMID:Effects of an NADPH-generating system on primaquine degradation by hamster liver fractions. 324 12

Either oral contraceptive steroid (norethisterone/mestranol; N/M) treatment or iron-deficiency (Fe(-] anemia alone caused an increase in NADPH cytochrome c reductase and in three hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities in female rats. When N/M treatment and the Fe(-) diet are combined, no further change in hepatic enzyme activity is seen compared with that with either treatment alone.
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PMID:Effects of oral contraceptive steroids (norethisterone/mestranol) on the activities of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in iron-deficient anemic rats. 392 48

Blood of patients suffering from non-spherocytic chronic haemolytic anemia due to individual mutations of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and pyruvate kinase (PK) was investigated by biochemical and rheological methods. Both enzymopathies are characterized by a strong increase (by the factor 2 to 4) in the overall RBC-rigidity and the elastic membrane shear modulus of the RBC. There was a positive correlation between the changed elastic shear modulus and the clinical picture in the case of PK deficiency and, in contrast, a negative correlation for patients with G-6-PD enzymopathies. The ability of RBC to change their shape or the static deformability is determined by the excess surface regarding to the enclosed volume, by the rheological properties of the hemoglobin content and by the membrane extension and bending moduli. The dynamic deformability is characterized by the time constant for rapid elastic and plastic deformations and becomes important for entrance and discharge processes in the microcirculation. These rheological relevant properties are subjected to metabolic control. Although for both enzymopathies the mechanism of hemolysis is not understood in detail, it has to be assumed that PK deficient RBC are mostly phagocytized and on the other hand G-6-PD deficient cells are destroyed to a higher extent by intravasal hemolysis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not expected changes in the RBC membrane structure due to the decreased ATP production by PK enzymopathies and diminished NADPH production by G-6-PD deficiencies result in abnormal mechanical membrane properties. The answer should give a better understanding of the premature RBC destruction.
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PMID:Mechanical membrane properties of human red blood cells and their change due to metabolic disturbance. 667 80

A new G6PD variant, designated Gd (+) Laguna, was found in a 9-year-old Brazilian boy of Portuguese ancestry suffering from an iron-refractory anemia. The red cell enzyme activity of the subject was 64%. The mutant enzyme showed slower electrophoretic mobility, increased affinity for glucose-6-phosphate, decreased affinity for NADP+, elevated utilization of substrate analogues, decreased inhibition of NADPH, normal heat stability and a biphasic pH curve. The occurrence of the variant in two non-anemic relatives of the propositus indicates that the association between this G6PD type and anemia may be coincidental.
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PMID:Gd (+) Laguna, a new rare glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant from Brazil. 669 29

In the present study we demonstrated that human erythrocytes possess a NO synthase (NOS) that can be activated by oxidative stress and Ca2+ accumulation to produce nitric oxide (NO), and that this activation could be involved in the pathogenesis of toxic anaemia in breast cancer patients. By causing oxidative stress in human erythrocytes with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (100 microM), or by increasing the intracellular calcium concentration using various doses (up to 100 microM) of the calcium ionophore A23187, a gradual increase in both NO and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) release that was inhibited by N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (1mM) was observed. Time-dependent experiments using hemolysates showed a linear rise of NO production which was elevated by 60% in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (100 U). NOS isolated from hemolysates was constitutively expressed and was dependent on NADPH, Ca2+/calmodulin, tetrahydrobiopterin and flavins. In reconstitution experiments, when purified NOS, isolated from erythrocytes, was added to purified soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), isolated from endothelial cells, in the presence of the appropriate cofactors and substrates, a linear increase in cGMP production at various concentrations (up to 50 microM) of H2O2 was observed. Furthermore, it was shown that erythrocytes from breast cancer patients were subjected to higher oxidative stress by ONOO- (100 microM), with a consequential increase of membrane rigidity, than erythrocytes from healthy individuals. Such mechanic changes may result in shortening of the lifespan of erythrocytes, a feature of toxic anemia in cancer patients.
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PMID:Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite production by human erythrocytes: a causative factor of toxic anemia in breast cancer patients. 754 67

Reduced and oxidized glutathione and pyridine coenzymes, glutathione-related enzymes and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) were investigated in the RBC of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and in age- and sex-matched controls. The effects of hemodialysis (HD) were also studied. A defective RBC redox state was shown in the CRF group based on a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio and NADPH levels. Increased activities of glutathione transferase (GSH-S-T) and Cu,Zn-SOD were observed before HD. Dialysis apparently restores the levels of antioxidant enzymes and at the same time strongly affects the redox state. Thus we can speculate that HD can generate severe redox impairment inducing damage in RBC and plasma antioxidant enzymes. Increased erythrocyte GSSG and GSM-S-T levels coupled with a reduced hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) function may be useful indexes of oxidative stress in uremic anemia.
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PMID:Erythrocyte redox state in uremic anemia: effects of hemodialysis and relevance of glutathione metabolism. 797 16

The FAC protein encoded by the Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation group C gene is thought to function in the cytoplasm at a step before DNA repair. Because FA cells are susceptible to mitomycin C, we considered the possibility that FAC might interact with enzymes involved in the bioreductive activation of this drug. Here we report that FAC binds to NADPH cytochrome-P450 reductase (RED), a microsomal membrane protein involved in electron transfer, in both transfected COS-1 and normal murine liver cells. FAC-RED interaction requires the amino-terminal region of FAC and the cytosolic, membrane-proximal domain of the reductase. The latter contains a known binding site for flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Addition of FMN to cytosolic lysates disrupts FAC-reductase complexes, while flavin dinucleotide, which binds to a distinct carboxy-terminal domain, fails to alter FAC-RED complexes at concentrations similar to FMN. FAC is also functionally coupled to this enzyme as its expression in COS-1 cells suppresses the ability of RED to reduce cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH. We propose that FAC plays a fundamental role in vivo by attenuating the activity of RED, thereby regulating a major detoxification pathway in mammalian cells.
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PMID:Abnormal microsomal detoxification implicated in Fanconi anemia group C by interaction of the FAC protein with NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase. 978 38


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