Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Corynebacterium sp. are found as normal flora in skin and mucosal sites. They have been isolated in empyemas, brain abscesses, blood cultures and ventricular shunts. About 9-10% of early-onset and 4-5% late-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis are due to different species of the so-called "diphteroids". A 30 year-old white female was admitted after 30 days with fever of undetermined origin. A mitral prosthesis had been fitted in 1977. On physical examination a protomesosystolic mitral murmur, petechiae, retinal hemorrhages and hepatosplenomegaly were detected. Laboratory tests showed 37% hematocrit, 14,800/mm3 white blood cells, 78 mm ESR, urinary sediment: less than 30/h.p.f. red blood cells. A new first-degree A-V block was detected. Blood cultures were negative. Due to persistent fever, progressive anemia, leukocytosis and new vegetations on echocardiogram, surgery was performed. A mitral valve ring abscess was found. Corynebacterium xerosis was isolated from surgical specimens. The strain was found susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cephalotin, cefoxitin, cefoperazone, rifampin, gentamicin, amikacin, and norfloxacin. Studies with clindamycin, disclosed MIC and MBC = 0.25 mg/l. The patient received 1800 mg/day clindamycin for 4 weeks. Serum cidal studies showed a peak concentration 1/128 and a titre of trough 1/4. Negative control blood cultures were obtained. She has remained well for nine months after treatment. Corynebacterium sp. can cause "apparently" negative blood cultures. Blood samples should be incubated for more than 15 days before they can be considered negative. Almost 50% of previously described cases have been detected during the six months after cardiac surgery. Mortality has been high (48%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Endocarditis due to Corynebacterium xerosis]. 263 Aug 75

Cefuzonam (L-105, CZON), a new parenteral cephalosporin, was evaluated for its efficacy and safety in 22 children with bacterial infections (Table 1). The results obtained are summarized below. MICs of CZON to 26 strains of isolated organisms are shown in Table 2. MICs to all 14 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 6 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were less than 0.05 microgram/ml. The MIC to 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus was 0.39 microgram/ml and that to another was 0.78 microgram/ml. Two strains of Escherichia coli showed MICs of less than 0.05 and 0.10 microgram/ml, respectively. The MIC to 1 strain of Enterococcus faecalis was 6.25 micrograms/ml. The CZON was administered in 3 or 4 divided doses at a daily dosage ranging from 58.5 to 85.7 mg/kg by 30-minute drip infusion or intravenous injection to 22 patients (9 cases of pneumonia, 9 cases of tonsillitis, 2 cases of bronchitis, 1 case each of suppurative parotitis and acute pyelonephritis) and the following clinical results were obtained; excellent: 12 cases; good: 7 cases; fair: 3 cases. The overall efficacy rate was 86% (Table 4). Diarrhea was observed in four patients, and was resolved with or without discontinuation of the medication within a week. Anemia was noted in 2 cases. Leucopenia and neutropenia was observed in 1 case. There were a moderate rises in S-GOT and S-GPT activities in 1 patient (Table 4), and they necessitated the cessation of the CZON therapy. The S-GOT and S-GPT activities became normal after the drug treatment was stopped.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefuzonam in children]. 359 88

The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of 6059-S. The results were as follows: The sensitivity was estimated by the plate dilution method on 27 strains of S. aureus, 26 strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, 21 strains of Salmonella sp. and 9 strains of GM resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from patients. The distribution of sensitivity of S. aureus was 6.25-12.5 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 6.25 micrograms/ml. The growth of 80.8% of E. coli was inhibited at concentration of less than 0.1 microgram/ml. The growth of 88.5% of K. pneumoniae was inhibited at concentration of less than 0.2 microgram/ml. The growth of 81.0% of Salmonella sp. was inhibited at concentration of less than 1.56 microgram/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of P. aeruginosa was 12.5- greater than 100 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 25.0 micrograms/ml. The distribution of sensitivity of GM-resistance P. aeruginosa (greater than or equal to 25 micrograms/ml) was 12.5-50 microgram/ml and 5 of 8 strains were inhibited at concentration of less than 25 micrograms/ml. Phagocytosis was determined by Quie's method. Phagocytosis of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Enterobacter cloacae by human polymorphonuclear neutrophil was more enhanced in the presence of 1 MIC and 1/2 MIC for 6059-S than for cefazolin at 4 and 6 hours after incubation. But phagocytosis of S. aureus did not enhanced in the presence of 6059-S. 6059-S was given by intravenous administration for 5 minutes and drip infusion for one hour at a single dose of 10 mg/kg of 6059-S to 3 and 4 children respectively. After intravenous administration of 6059-S, the mean peak serum level was 76.0 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 36.0 +/- 2.8 micrograms/ml at one hour, 1.5 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml at 6 hours respectively. Half-life time was 1.3 hours. And after drip infusion of 6059-S was 39.9 +/- 9.7 micrograms/ml at one hour, 11.7 +/- 4.8 micrograms/ml at 3 hours and 1.8 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml at 7 hours respectively. Half-life time was 1.4 hours. The mean urinary excretion rate was 90.4 +/- 6.1%, 76.5 +/- 16.0% up to 6 hours after intravenous administration and drip infusion respectively. 6059-S was effective in 17 cases out of 18 cases with bacterial infections. No side effects were observed except for 4 cases with elevation of serum transaminase, each on case of eosinophilia and of anemia.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of 6059-S in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 645 77

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PPNET) is a malignant neoplasm of the peripheral nervous system and soft tissues. Representing the fourth case published we herein report a PPNET arising in the pancreas of a six year old girl. She presented with severe anemia due to ulcerative tumor growth and hemorrhage into the duodenum. From the first biopsy pancreatoblastoma was considered as histological diagnosis. Therefore pancreato-duodenectomy was successfully performed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratines and several neuronal markers. Due to focal membranous staining for MIC-2 gene product and rosettes in one lymph node metastasis the diagnosis had to be altered into PPNET. This was confirmed by cytogenetic analysis. We conclude that the interpretation of histologic sample excisions from pediatric pancreatic neoplasms may be difficult and that PPNET should be included in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the pancreas. An extremely rare tumor. Case report and review of the literature. 1099 48

Ewing's sarcomas account for 6.8% of all primary malignant bone tumors and are probably a neurogenic, undifferentiated, high-grade malignancy, which usually affects the bones of children 5-15 years of age. Pain and swelling are the most common symptoms. Increase of CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leucocytosis, and anemia are frequently seen. Radiologically, they show permeative bone destruction on plain radiographs. When arising in the diaphysis of long bones, laminated, "onion-skin" periosteal reaction is seen. The tumor shows muscle density on CT, iso-signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images, and high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images. Intramedullary invasion and skip lesions can be detected on MR images. Histologically, the tumor is uniformly composed of sheets of small round cells closely packed and without any matrix product. Glycogen granules are demonstrated in the cytoplasm by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and diastase reactions. Immunohistochemically, Ewing's sarcomas are positive for vimentin and MIC-2 gene product (CD99). Reciprocal translocation, i.e., t(11;22) (q24;q12), is seen in the tumor cells. EWS/FLI-1 fusion gene can be demonstrated, which can be a complementary method in diagnosing this tumor. Because Ewing's sarcomas are chemosensitive and radiosensitive, they are treated by a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy consists of preoperative chemotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy. Preoperative chemotherapy aims at eradicating distant micrometastasis, reducing the primary tumor volume, and evaluating the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents. Surgery is performed as a local treatment by excising the tumor using the wide procedure. If surgery is impractical, curative radiotherapy is performed instead of excision. When surgery is performed without complete wide procedure, adjuvant radiotherapy is carried out to eradicate the residual tumor cells. Postoperative chemotherapy aims to eradicate the distant micrometastasis. Recently, myeloablative, high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation is being attempted for poor-prognosis patients and good results have been reported.
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PMID:[Ewing's sarcoma]. 1504 38

The essential oil from Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia showed in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC 100 microg/ml) and therefore was characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of this essential oil were triquinane sesquiterpenes: silphiperfol-6-ene (14.7%), (-)-epi-presilphiperfolan-1-ol (30.6%), presilphiperfol-7-ene (3.9%), cameroonan-7 alpha-ol (4.4%), prenopsan-8-ol (1.9%) and presilphiperfolan-8-ol (8.3%), suggesting the existence of different chemotypes for this species. The essential oil was fractionated by column chromatography and its major constituent and fractions were assayed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. smegmatis. (-)-epi-Presilphiperfolan-1-ol exhibited an MIC of 120 microg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.
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PMID:Chemical composition and antimycobacterial activity of the essential oil from Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia. 2012 Jan 5

Pradofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone, licensed in the EU for use in a range of indications in the dog and cat and authorized more recently in the USA for one therapeutic indication (skin infections) in the cat. This review summarizes and appraises current knowledge on the physico-chemical, pharmacological [pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD)], safety and therapeutic properties of pradofloxacin in the target species. Pradofloxacin contains two centres of asymmetry and is the pure SS enantiomer. After oral dosing of tablets (dog) or tablets and oral suspension (cat), maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax ) are achieved in less than 3.0 h, and terminal half-life is of the order of 5-10 h. Accumulation is slight or absent with once daily oral dosing. Free drug concentrations in plasma are in the range of 63-71% of total concentration. As for other fluoroquinolones, antibacterial activity is attributable to inhibition of bacterial replication at two sites, subunit A of topoisomerase II and topoisomerase IV. The antimicrobial spectrum includes gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, anaerobes, Mycoplasma spp. and some intracellular organisms (Rickettsia spp. and Mycobacterium spp.). The killing action is of the concentration-dependent type. Pradofloxacin has high potency (low MIC values) in comparison with first- and second-generation fluoroquinolones. Integration of in vivo PK and in vitro PD data provides values of Cmax /MIC and area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC24 h )/MIC ratios predictive of good clinical efficacy against sensitive organisms, when administered at recommended dose rates. Clinical trial evaluation of pradofloxacin, in comparison with other authorized antimicrobial drugs, has demonstrated either noninferiority or superiority of pradofloxacin. Data indicating clinical and, in some instances, bacteriological cure have been reported: (i) in cats, for wound infections, abscesses, upper respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, feline infectious anaemia and lower urinary tract infections and (ii) in dogs, for wound infections, superficial and deep pyoderma, acute urinary tract infections and adjunctive treatment of infections of gingival and periodontal tissues. At clinical dose rates pradofloxacin was well tolerated in preclinical studies and in clinical trials. Among the advantages of pradofloxacin are (i) successful treatment of infections caused by strains resistant to some other fluoroquinolones, as predicted by PK/PD data, but depending on the specific MIC of the target strain and (ii) a reduced propensity for resistance development based on MPC measurements. The preclinical and clinical data on pradofloxacin suggest that this drug should commonly be the fluoroquinolone of choice when a drug of this class is indicated. However, the PK/PD data on pradofloxacin, in comparison with other fluoroquinolones, are not a factor that leads automatically to greater clinical efficacy.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutics of pradofloxacin in the dog and cat. 2340 8

Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine (CQ) is currently reported in almost all countries where P. vivax is endemic. In Vietnam, despite a first report on P. vivax resistance to chloroquine published in the early 2000s, P. vivax was still considered sensitive to CQ. Between May 2009 and December 2011, a 2-year cohort study was conducted in central Vietnam to assess the recommended radical cure regimen based on a 10-day course of primaquine (0.5 mg/kg/day) together with 3 days of CQ (25 mg/kg). Here we report the results of the first 28-day follow-up estimating the cumulative risk of P. vivax recurrences together with the corresponding CQ blood concentrations, among other endpoints. Out of 260 recruited P. vivax patients, 240 completed treatment and were followed up to day 28 according to the WHO guidelines. Eight patients (3.45%) had a recurrent P. vivax infection, at day 14 (n = 2), day 21 (n = 1), and day 28 (n = 5). Chloroquine blood concentrations, available for 3/8 recurrent infections (days 14, 21, and 28), were above the MIC (>100 ng/ml whole blood) in all of these cases. Fever and parasitemia (both sexual and asexual stages) were cleared by day 3. Anemia was common at day 0 (35.8%), especially in children under 10 years (50%), and hemoglobin (Hb) recovery at day 28 was substantial among anemic patients (median change from day 0 to 28, +1.7 g/dl; interquartile range [IQR], +0.7 to +3.2). This report, based on CQ blood levels measured at the time of recurrences, confirms for the first time P. vivax CQ resistance in central Vietnam and calls for further studies using standardized protocols for accurately monitoring the extent and evolution of P. vivax resistance to chloroquine in Vietnam. These results, together with the mounting evidence of artemisinin resistance in central Vietnam, further highlight the increasing threat of antimalarial drug resistance to malaria elimination in Vietnam.
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PMID:Confirmed Plasmodium vivax Resistance to Chloroquine in Central Vietnam. 2639 1