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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. In a review of methods developed for the identification of fetal malformations, the technique, risks and results of amniocentesis are presented. 2. Large series already published have demonstrated the relative simplicity and feasibility of the procedure as well as current indications for its utilization. These include the detection of chromosomal anomalies, the determination of sex (in certain sex-linked disorders), documentation of enzymatic and metabolic deficiencies, and the demonstration of open lesions of the neural tube by appropriate techniques. 3. Experience with over 500 cases personally tested by the authors entirely confirms the major indications for and benefits of this modern method for the detection and prevention of severe congenital anomalies during early pregnancy. 4. The identification of chromosomal alterations is currently the major objective of the method. Increased risks are associated with pregnancies involving a maternal age of 35 years or older (which account for 1-3% of aneuploidies), the birth of a previous infant with free trisomy 21 (1% recurrence risk) or secondary to a parental chromosome translocation (as much as 10% risk of aneuploidy). Fetal karyotyping for determination of sex, in cases where the mother is a carrier of an X-linked recessive gene (on average, 50% of male offspring will be affected), is an inadequate method of diagnosis to be utilized only until alternative techniques render possible specific diagnosis of the anomalies under consideration (hemophilias A and B, muscular dystrophy, etc). 5. Several of these techniques are now nearing development through the advent of fetoscopy and advanced ultrasound methodology, and have already been applied to the detection of certain sex-linked disorders and also for diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies (thalassemias, sickel cell anemia) and other conditions requiring the obtaining of fetal blood for diagnosis. Technology allowing direct examination of fetal parts by means of optical instruments is particularly useful in cases where a severe fetal morphologic malformation cannot currently be identified by indirect visualization (ultrasound) or by analysis of cytogenetic or molecular markers. 6. Pathological accumulations of alpha-fetoprotein which are associated with diverse feto-placental abnormalities (particularly open malformations of the neural tube) can be detected in the amniotic fluid and/or maternal blood. In extension of this approach, it is foreseeable that conditions existing prenatally will be diagnosed in a growing number of cases from the study of fetal cells and molecules which can be isolated from the venous blood of pregnant women. This will become feasible as a result of some well-developed techniques which allow separation of fetal from maternal cells and metabolites, and also to some extremely fine analytic techniques, notably examination of the DNA itself by means of restriction enzymes.
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PMID:[Prenatal diagnosis. Review, personal and prospective studies]. 8 63

Chronic fetomaternal hemorrhage led to the development of fetal anemia and nonimmune hydrops fetalis in a term neonate. Antenatal maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were abnormally elevated, with normal amniotic fluid levels. Kleihauer-Betke staining was performed as part of the evaluation. Serial ultrasound examinations can be useful for unexplained elevations in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein because of the associated increased fetal loss in those pregnancies. If fetomaternal hemorrhage is identified, serial ultrasound examinations are indicated for the detection of fetal hydrops.
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PMID:Nonimmune hydrops fetalis caused by a massive fetomaternal hemorrhage associated with elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. A case report. 169 88

Screening for genetic abnormalities is an integral part of obstetrics. Prior to initiating screening, however, several prerequisites must be met: (i) capacity to alter clinical management, (ii) cost effectiveness, (iii) reliable means (usually assays) of assessment, and (iv) capacity to handle problems. In all pregnancies one should determine in systematic fashion whether family history places a pregnant woman at increased risk over the background risk of 2-3% congenital anomalies. All women over age 35 years at delivery should be offered prenatal cytogenetic testing, and women of all ages should be offered maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening for neural tube defects. Screening ostensibly normal populations is appropriate in certain ethnic groups to determine heterozygosity for selected disorders: Blacks for sickle-cell anaemia, Mediterranean people for beta-thalassaemia, Southeast Asians and Filipinos for alpha-thalassaemia, Ashkenazi Jews and perhaps French-Canadians for Tay-Sachs disease. Cystic fibrosis screening (delta F508 mutations) is not currently recommended for the general populations, but should be offered to relatives of an individual having delta F508 cystic fibrosis. Irrespective of the extent of screening programmes for Mendelian traits, the mutant allele will remain in the general population because by far the greatest genetic load lies in clinically normal heterozygotes, affected contributing far less to the load despite the obvious clinical effect.
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PMID:Screening for fetal and genetic abnormalities. 172 71

A severe anemia develops in recipient C57L/J mice after syngeneic transplantation of the BW7756 murine hepatoma. The tumor undergoes an exponential growth spurt in the 14-21 days post-implantation, accompanied by a parallel increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and a significant decrease of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit extending to the 28th day. Concomitant with the decreased hematocrit, the blood volume displayed a 10% increase. The blood cell population was generally one of reticulocytosis and leukocytosis. Mild icteric plasma was observed and both "cold" and "warm" antibodies were detected in the sera of tumor-bearing mice. An elevation of IgM was observed by day 7, followed by a depletion of IgG1 and IgG2 throughout the tumor growth period. When RBCs of tumor-bearing mice were compared to those of normal mice, the same degree of osmotic fragility was found. However, the lifespan of the transfused RBC was shorter in tumor-bearing mice than in normal mice (half-life: 2 days vs. 4 days). The data suggest a type of auto-immune hemolytic anemia which is analogous to various hematopoietic disturbances described for murine hosts bearing solid tumors distal to hematopoietic sites.
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PMID:Characterization of murine hepatoma BW7756. III. Hematological profile of a tumor-associated anemia. 240 35

A 61-year-old male was referred to our hospital for evaluation of right upper arm pain. He was diagnosed as having primary hepatocellular carcinoma with bone metastasis by his high titer (111,683 ng/ml) of serum alpha-fetoprotein, computed tomography and abdominal angiography, and so UFT therapy, 400 mg daily, was instituted. After 2 months of this therapy, the titer of serum alpha-fetoprotein gradually decreased. Seven months later, the titer was 3,997 ng/ml and reduction of the hepatic tumor size was shown by computed tomography and ultrasonography. Furthermore, the right upper arm pain diminished and X-ray examination revealed remarkable improvement. During chemotherapy, there was no severe side effect apart from mild anemia and the patient is presently still alive. This case suggests the efficacy of UFT for the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:[A case of hepatocellular carcinoma with bone metastasis which responded to oral administration of UFT]. 302 79

On the basis of results obtained with other malignancies, the usefulness of serum ferritin as a tumor marker in the diagnosis of testicular tumors was studied. In 68 patients with malignant testicular tumors and 22 patients with benign testicular processes, serial determinations of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and serum ferritin were performed. The serum ferritin values showed no relationship to tumor stage, and no difference in nonseminomatous and seminomatous tumors. In particular, no diagnostic improvement was achieved in those cases in which the conventional markers AFP and beta-HCG were unsuccessful (falsely negative results). Furthermore, serum ferritin values were influenced by hepatic factors and anemia, so that serum ferritin - on the basis of the present material-could not be considered a useful tumor marker in testicular malignancies. Further studies on the determination of carcinofetal isoferritin and other new tumor markers are warranted.
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PMID:Ferritin - another tumor marker for testicular malignancies. 616 31

An anemia-inducing substance was isolated from the human placenta and designated placental anemia-inducing factor (PAIF). An amount of 2.8 mg was purified from about 70 total placentas (total wet weight, 42 kg). PAIF caused hemolysis of human erythrocytes in vitro and reduced the number of erythrocytes in rabbits to 80% of that in the control by i.v. administration of 27 micrograms/kg of body weight. PAIF is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 20,000 and containing about 56% sugar. Radioimmunoassay using 125I-labeled PAIF and antiserum revealed a common antigenicity with crude anemia-inducing substance in sera from patients with cancer. No cross-reactions were observed between PAIF and alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, Australia antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, or human placental lactogen. The level of anemia-inducing factor in normal serum was less than 100 ng/ml, whereas 43 of 63 cancer patients (68.3%) had over 100 ng/ml of serum anemia-inducing factor. Anemia-inducing factor assay may provide a means of detection and aid in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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PMID:Purification of an anemia-inducing factor from human placenta and its application to diagnosis of malignant neoplasms. 737 Oct

This study examines the indications for performing the Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test and makes recommendations for its use. Results of 523 KB tests performed during 1993 at our hospital (Cleveland, Ohio) are reviewed in conjunction with surgical pathology reports of placental findings, obstetric records, and toxicology results. We conclude that the KB test should be performed following a positive screening test on all Rh negative mothers of Rh positive infants. Additional indications include cases of maternal trauma, unexplained increased maternal alpha-fetoprotein levels, fetal distress with abnormal heart tracings, intrauterine fetal death, and cases of unexplained neonatal anemia. We note that the KB test should not be performed to detect suspected placental abruption.
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PMID:The Kleihauer-Betke test. Clinical utility, indication, and correlation in patients with placental abruption and cocaine use. 748 3

The cases of two patients with liver cirrhosis HCV-related, admitted in our Department in consequence of the development of ascites, anemia and clinical deterioration, are reported. Both patients had all major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma and anamnestic and physical findings suggesting this diagnosis; nevertheless, the alpha-1-fetoprotein serum levels and the ultrasonographic findings were not diagnostic for primary hepatic neoplasm. Explorative paracentesis was diagnostic, demonstrating the presence of hemoperitoneum (the hematocrit ratio in the ascitic fluid was 12 and 10, respectively). Magnetic resonance revealed extensive diffuse hepatocellular carcinoma on both cases. Hemoperitoneum, in patients with liver cirrhosis, in face of non diagnostic levels of alpha-1-fetoprotein and ultrasonographic findings, can be indicative of the spontaneous rupture of a diffuse type of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:[Hemoperitoneum supporting difficult diagnosis of diffuse hepatocarcinoma in liver cirrhosis]. 751 61

This is the first reported case of primary lymphoma of the spleen coexisting with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. A 59-year-old woman was admitted to Ugo town hospital because of general malaise. Physical examination revealed no lymphadenopathy. Laboratory data showed mild anemia, thrombocytopenia, and slight elevation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a mass in the left lobe of the liver and a mass in the splenic hilus. The liver tumor was presumed to be a primary liver cancer. Ultrasonically guided needle aspiration of the splenic mass was unsuccessful. Subsequently, the patient died of hepatic and renal failure. Autopsy revealed hepatocellular carcinoma and primary splenic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the diffuse large cell type.
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PMID:Primary lymphoma of the spleen with hepatocellular carcinoma. 760 94


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