Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Normal pregnancy changes include physiologic anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Cardiac rate and stroke volume increase, vascular resistance falls, and creatinine clearance markedly rises. Thyroid binding globulin and cortisol binding globulin both increase, as do complement proteins and fibrinogen, the latter resulting in a normally high erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Estrogen and progesterone rise dramatically. Low back pain, hip and sacroiliac complaints are common. The cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells is decreased, as are adhesion and chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. Antibody responses are normal. CD4 cells proportionately decrease. A large number of circulating proteins suppression lymphocyte proliferation, and T-cell interleukin-2 (IL-2) production may be suppressed. In studies of pregnant patients, controls must include normal pregnant women.
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PMID:Physiologic adaptations of pregnancy. 128 59

An African lioness from the Zoo of Zurich had to be euthanized because of an inoperable tumor. The serum tested negative for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but was strongly positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies by ELISA and Western blot. When her only offspring and mate were tested for FIV, high antibody titers to FIV were also found in their serum. Lymphocytes were prepared from these two lions on different occasions and co-cultivated with specific pathogen free (SPF) cat lymphocytes in the presence of concanavalin A and recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 6 weeks. The cell culture supernatants tested negative for Mg(2+)-dependent reverse transcriptase and FIV p24 by a double antibody sandwich ELISA throughout the culture period. Whole blood and buffy coat cells collected from these two lions were transmitted by intraperitoneal injection into two SPF cats. The two cats did not seroconvert for a period of 11 months nor could reverse transcriptase activity and FIV p24 antigen be demonstrated in the supernatant of several lymphocyte cultures. To determine the importance of lentivirus infections in zoo-kept wild felids, 124 serum samples were obtained from African lions, Indian and Siberian tigers, snow leopards, panthers, cheetahs and other wild cats from nine European zoos. In addition, serum samples collected from 12 Asiatic lions originating from Gir forest in the Indian State of Gujarat were included in this study. The sera were tested for antibodies to FIV, FeLV and feline syncytium-forming virus (FeSFV) by ELISA and Western blot using the respective viruses after gradient purification. In addition, some of the sera were also tested for antibodies to equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and Visna-Maedi virus (VMV). Antibodies to FIV were found in 30/53 (57%) of African lions, one of 18 tigers and one of four panthers. All other sera including those collected from the 12 Asiatic lions were negative for FIV antibodies. Some of the FIV positive lion sera had high antibody titers producing strong bands on Western blot strips even in dilutions of >> 1:1000. The Western blot pattern of the lion sera differed from that of domestic cats in that primarily p24 and to a lesser degree p17 was recognized. Antibodies to FeSFV were found in 14 animals (seven with strong, seven with intermediate, reaction). No correlation was found between FIV and FeSFV infection. Antibodies to FeLV were found in two cheetahs which later turned out to have been vaccinated with Leukocell, a FeLV vaccine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Retrovirus infections in non-domestic felids: serological studies and attempts to isolate a lentivirus. 133 98

Natural killer (NK) cells were analyzed in 38 untreated patients with refractory anaemia with excess of blasts (RAEB), using cytotoxicity assays and immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. We found that patients with RAEB have normal numbers of peripheral blood and bone marrow NK cells. NK cells from RAEB patients express very low natural-killer cell activity (NKa) which may be increased significantly with recombinant alpha-interferon and recombinant interleukin-2, although it remains below the lower limit of the control range. The cells exhibit normal tumour cell binding capacity, but fail to release sufficient amounts of natural-killer cytotoxic factors (NKCFs) upon their interaction with NK-sensitive K562 cell targets or their stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin. Our results suggest that defective NKa in RAEB patients may be due, at least in part, to impaired release of functionally active NKCFs. This disturbance is probably the result of some intrinsic defect of RAEB NK cells in NKCF production, storage, and/or release. The possibility of an impairment in the activation signal provided by the stimulatory K562 cells cannot be excluded, although it seems unlikely. We postulate that this abnormality might represent a manifestation of dysplastic haemopoiesis. Further studies are certainly needed to investigate whether other defective mechanisms are also implicated in the determination of the low NKa in patients with RAEB.
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PMID:Mechanisms accounting for the impaired natural-killer cell activity in refractory anaemia with excess of blasts. 137 37

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is increasingly used to treat patients with cancers refractory to conventional treatment. Flu-like syndromes are extremely frequent but usually mild. A variety of skin complications (mostly erythema and mucositis) have been reported. Life-threatening skin reactions have also been described. Acute reactivation of psoriasis can also occur. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions have so far not been described, but IL-2 treatment has been shown to predispose to acute hypersensitivity reactions to iodine-containing contrast media. Hypothyroidism is the major endocrine complication and antithyroid antibodies have been detected in approximately 50% of patients. Neurological and psychiatric disturbances with moderate or severe mental status changes are common and sometimes treatment-limiting. The occurrence of peritumoural oedema in patients with brain metastases can also be a major practical problem. Musculoskeletal disorders are transient and resolve spontaneously. The vascular leak syndrome is the most frequent and severe complication of IL-2 of which weight gain, generalised oedema, hypotension and impaired renal function are the main features. Even though a damaging effect on vascular endothelium cells by various cytokines released by activated lymphoid cells or mediated by non-lymphocyte-dependent factors has been proposed to be involved, the mechanism remains unclear. Other cardiovascular injuries, possibly life-threatening, including myocarditis, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, can occur during the first days of treatment. Supraventricular arrhythmias are the most common rhythmic disorder. Decreases in myocardial contractility and haemodynamic pattern similar to those of septic shock have been encountered in most cases. Acute renal dysfunction is common but resolves with symptomatic management. Intrahepatic cholestasis with hyperbilirubinaemia is observed in most patients but permanent liver damage has not been described. Several cases of pancreatitis have been reported. Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia and eosinophilia are frequent and occur in most if not all patients. Some data suggest a high incidence of infectious complications, particularly in patients with surgically tunnelled catheters, but marked flu-like syndromes may be confounding. Finally, death directly related to IL-2 treatment has been noted in less than 1% of all patients. Investigations are under way to minimise IL-2 toxicity with varying dose regimens and combined treatments.
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PMID:Clinical toxicity of interleukin-2. 141 98

In this study, the extent to which growth factor production and microenvironment might be responsible for defective erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis in anemic b/b rats is investigated. Radioimmunoassay-determined serum erythropoietin (Epo) levels are high in b/b rats and closely related to degree of anemia. The low number of erythroid progenitors in b/b rats despite a high Epo level suggested that the defective erythropoiesis could be due to a low level of burst-promoting activity (BPA). A pokeweed mitogen-stimulated medium (PWM-SCM) was prepared with b/b rat spleen cells and used in normal and anemic rat bone marrow and spleen cultures to determine BPA and other growth factor levels. No erythroid burst-forming unit-derived colonies were found but granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units were counted in significant number, suggesting that the production of growth factors that supports the growth of granulopoietic progenitors is not significantly disturbed. Because BPA is produced mainly by T-lymphocytes, the low BPA level in b/b rat PWM-SCM raised the question of the functional capacity of T-lymphocytes. Investigations showed a decrease in the proliferative activity of b/b rat spleen mitogen-activated T-lymphocytes to about 20% of controls as well as a decrease in interleukin-2 activity in b/b rat spleen cell supernatants. These results point to defective T-lymphocytes. A study of bone marrow fibroblastoid cell colonies (CFU-F) revealed significantly lower CFU-F counts in the b/b rats. This finding is indicative of a disturbed microenvironment, which could also to some extent be responsible for decreased growth factor production and depressed hematopoiesis in the b/b rat.
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PMID:Hematopoietic growth factors in anemia of Belgrade laboratory (b/b) rats. 149 55

Presentation of one case of bilateral renal adenocarcinoma in a 63-year old female patient, undergoing surgical therapy by means of right radical nephrectomy and left partial nephrectomy. Within 6 months, the patient presented pulmonary metastasis and normocytic anaemia associated to paraneoplastic syndrome. After initiating treatment with Interleukin-2 in intravenous continuous infusion, both pulmonary metastasis and anaemia showed evidence of partial regression.
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PMID:[Metastatic renal carcinoma: regression of pulmonary metastasis and anemia after interleukin-2r immunotherapy]. 150 9

Early studies with the Gross passage A leukemia virus demonstrated that retroviral infection suppresses cellular and humoral immune responses. In extensive studies of the feline leukemia (FeLV) virus, which can induce profound immunodeficiency disease, are generative anemia and lymphoid, myeloid and erythroid neoplasia, the immunosuppressive effects of this retrovirus could be attributed to the actions of the retroviral envelope protein p15E. We found that a highly conserved, synthetic 17 amino acid peptide synthesized by Cianciolo and co-workers that is homologous to the hydrophilic portion of the otherwise hydrophobic transmembrane envelope protein can suppress polyclonal activation of B-cells, impair production of gamma- and alpha-interferon, inhibit production of interleukin-2, inhibit expression of IL-2 receptors, and suppress responses of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In analyses with inactivated preparations of the human immunodeficiency virus, with Pahwa et al. we demonstrated that purified non-infectious retrovirus and also retroviral proteins, in particular gp120, appeared to produce some of the immunosuppressive properties of HIV, particularly suppression of B-cell activation in response to known B-cell stimulants irrespective of T-cell influence, suppression of T-helper cell functions essential to B-lymphocyte responsiveness, and impaired function of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Other investigators have also reported strong immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory influences for components of the HIV retrovirus and also gp120 through yet poorly elucidated but certainly complex actions on both T- and B-lymphocyte-mediated immune functions.
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PMID:In vitro immunomodulation and in vivo immunotherapy of retrovirus-induced immunosuppression. 166 53

Hematopoietic dysfunction with peripheral cytopenias is a common complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Symptomatic anemia is the most common cytopenia and occurs in the presence and absence of myelosuppressive drug therapy such as zidovudine. Drug-induced neutropenia and immune thrombocytopenia are also frequent and occur in up to 50% of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Attempts to reduce the impact of bone marrow failure have focused on dose reduction of zidovudine, ganciclovir, and chemotherapy, and the use of recombinant hematopoietic hormones such as erythropoietin (EPO) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Despite these maneuvers, approximately 30% of patients with AIDS receiving zidovudine will become transfusion-dependent. This has led to investigations of other cytokines that may increase blood cell formation. The recent identification of decreased number and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors in patients with HIV infection suggests that agents which have activity on progenitor cell pools may have clinical utility. We demonstrate that human stem cell factor (HuSCF) increases burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), colony-forming unit-granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM), and CFU-Mix formation in vitro in normal and HIV-infected individuals. HuSCF also decreases the sensitivity of BFU-E to inhibition by zidovudine without altering HIV replication in lymphocytes or monocytes, altering peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) or altering the effectiveness of zidovudine or dideoxyinosine in inhibiting HIV replication in lymphocytes or monocytes. These studies suggest that HuSCF may have clinical utility in HIV infection as an adjunctive treatment for HIV-related cytopenias.
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PMID:Potential use of human stem cell factor as adjunctive therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-related cytopenias. 172 Jun 98

We determined nine immune function parameters at diagnosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and correlated the results with the FAB classification and prognosis by univariate and multivariate analyses. Patients with refractory anaemia (RA) and refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts (RAS) tended to have a higher CD4/CD8 ratio and a lower amount of gamma-globulins and soluble interleukin-2 receptors in serum in comparison to those suffering from the other three subgroups of MDS. FAB classification, neutrophil and CD8+ T-cell number had the best discriminatory capacity for predicting survival less than 1 year, and FAB classification, neutrophil number and serum TNF levels were predictors for conversion to acute leukaemia. The frequent occurrence of infections, on the other hand, could be better predicted by the absolute numbers of neutrophils and CD4+ cells and by the skin test score.
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PMID:Immune function parameters at diagnosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: correlation with the FAB classification and prognosis. 195 86

A variety of side effects have been reported with the use of interleukin-2 alone or in combination with lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with disseminated neoplasms. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of high-dose interleukin-2 administration in normal rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 (900,000 IU/kg/day) for 9 consecutive days. Animals were placed in individual metabolic cages, and arterial blood pressure, food intake, body weight, and urine output were monitored. On day 10, animals were killed by exsanguination, various tissues were harvested, and a variety of hematologic and chemical assays were performed. The results were compared with those of placebo-injected normal control and pair-fed groups. The interleukin-2-treated group exhibited anorexia, weight loss, hypotension, anemia, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, hypercalcemia, azotemia, and a marked urinary concentration defect. Histologic examination of various tissues revealed widespread infiltration with mono-nuclear cells and eosinophils in most organs, especially in the lungs and liver of interleukin-2-treated animals. Other abnormalities included severe panlobular hepatitis, hepatocellular necrosis, and thymic involution. Renal involvement was mild and consisted of focal interstitial infiltration by mononuclear cells. According to these observations, administration of high-dose interleukin-2 in normal rats results in a score of significant functional, biochemical, and histologic abnormalities.
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PMID:Functional, biochemical, and histopathologic consequences of high-dose interleukin-2 administration in rats. 206 48


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