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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The model of the respiratory function of blood as outlined here is judged to be a powerful tool for the evaluation of the potential effects of changes in blood as well as tissue parameters upon the supply of oxygen to tissue. The erythrocyte-plasma disequilibria in lung and systemic capillaries which is a consequence of the slowness of plasma CO2 hydrolysis are not significant in terms of the delivery of oxygen to tissue, but result in slightly lower unloading of CO2 in the lungs compared to that which might occur at full equilibration. However, the effects might be of greater interest when relating pH values measured by in vivo sampling to actual values prevailing within the capillaries. The physiological importances of hyperventilation and elevated DPG levels in anemia cannot as yet be clarified. If anything, it appears that increased DPG is a compensatory mechanism to restore proper O2-Hb affinity in alkalosis, while the purpose for an alkalosis is not obvious.
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PMID:A theoretical model of the respiratory function of blood. 1 16

The levels of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA-B and CA-C) were determined by a quantitative immunochemical technique in order to elucidate their clinical significances in patients with iron deficiency anemia. The specific antibodies against rabbit CA-B and CA-C were also obtained, and the levels of rabbit erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B and C isozymes were assayed immunochemically in experimental hemolytic and bleeding anemia. Simultaneously carbonic anhydrase isozymes were synthesized in vitro using rabbit reticulocyte-lysate. 1 The levels of erythrocyte CA-B per gram hemoglobin, CA-B per ml erythrocyte and CA-C per gram hemoglobin all increased but CA-C per ml erythrocyte did not increased in iron deficiency anemia. Erythrocyte CA-B and CA-C expressed per gram hemoglobin were inversely correlated to hemoglobin levels. 2 In experimental bleeding anemia and hemolytic anemia of rabbits, erythrocyte CA-B increased with the progression of anemia and with increase in reticulocyte count. However the levels of CA-C did not increased with progression of anemia. 3 In experimental bleeding anemia, it was found that the level of erythrocyte CA-B was correlated to the esterase activity and erythrocyte zinc content. 4 Most of the rabbit erythrocyte CA-B was distributed in younger erythrocytes. 5 It was confirmed that CA isozymes were synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte-lysate. The content of CA-B synthesized in lysates was much higher than that of CA-C. 6 In iron deficiency anemia, the increase of erythrocyte CA is speculated to be compensatory mechanism, which brought about the transportation of CO2 and right shifts of O2 dissociation curve.
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PMID:[Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isozymes in patients with iron deficiency anemia and their clinical significances (author's transl)]. 10 34

1. Patterns of carbon dioxide excretion were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The loss of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase caused by severe anaemia does not affect acid/base regulation or the ability of fish to excrete CO2. 3. Bicarbonate excretion across the saline-perfused gills of trout is significant even though residence time for the saline in the gills is only 1--3 s. CO2 excretion across these saline-perfused gills is blocked by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox. 4. The excretion of CO2 in fish is via the movement of plasma bicarbonate into the gill epithelium where branchial carbonic anhydrase catalyses the production of CO2. Fish can adjust pH by regulating bicarbonate movement across the gills. 5. The erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for CO2 excretion in the gills but is involved in facilitating Bohr and Root shifts to augment O2 delivery in the tissues.
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PMID:The pattern of carbon dioxide excretion in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. 41 5

Three levels of iron (5, 29, 307 ppm iron) were fed to rats from conception through the 18th day of lactation. Dams in the 5 ppm iron group and pups in the 5 and 29 ppm iron groups developed anemia characterized by lower hemoglobin and hematocrit values than control animals. Liver and spleen levels of iron in dams and pups in the 5 and 29 ppm iron groups were lower than in the 307 ppm iron groups. Milk iron was lower in the 5 ppm iron group than in the 29 and 307 ppm iron groups. Pups in the 5 ppm iron group had hyperlipidemia characterized by elevated serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Milk lipids and post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase levels in pups did not differ among experimental groups. Triglyceride and CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose were significantly greater in the iron-deficient pups than in control pups. Hyperlipidemia in 18-day-old iron-deficient rat pups appears to be related to increased endogenous production of triglycerides.
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PMID:Iron deficiency hyperlipidemia in 18-day-old rat pups: effects of milk lipids, lipoprotein lipase, and triglyceride synthesis. 61 36

Ventilatory response to central and peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation by carbon dioxide was assessed in 15 severely and chronically anaemic subjects before and after the correction of anaemia. Whereas the central CO2 responsiveness was found to be normal in the anaemic state, the peripheral response to CO2 was remarkably depressed. This blunted peripheral response to CO2 was restored to normal with the correction of anaemia.
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PMID:Peripheral chemoreceptor insensitivity in chronic severe anaemia. 62 16

The repair processes with posthemorrhage anemia were studied in experiment and clinics as affected by the preparation (sodium bicarbonate and magnesium, manganese and zinc sulphates in a ratio of 25:5:0.1:0.1) which stimulates the carboxylation reactions in the organism. Stimulation of the carboxylation reactions in the rabbits with experimental posthemorrhage anemia increases the intensity of 14CO2 carbon transformation of organic compounds in the tricarboxylic cycle, intensifies 14C incorporation into the liver, kidneys, spleen and marrow proteins as well as into serum albumin and globulins. Under clinical conditions stimulation of CO2 fixation with the preparation favours an intensified formation of the red series cells and biosynthesis of hemoglobin and serum proteins as well as the repair of their disturbed balance in patients with posthemorrhage anemia. The content of magnesium in blood plasma normalizes.
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PMID:[Effect of carboxylation reactions stimulation on intensity of 14CO2 fixation in rabbits with posthemorrhage anemia and on repairing of blood components in human anemia]. 89 21

Under the effect of combined application of "carboxylin"--the preparation stimulating the processes of CO2 fixation in the tissues and sodium citrate--one of the most important intermediates of the cycle of citric acid, the processes of the erythrocytic and protein composition restoration in the peripheral blood were studied under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia in rats. It is established that under the effect of combined application of "carboxylin" with sodium citrate there is observed rapid normalization of peripheral blood indexes--erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit number, total proteins, albumin and globulins of blood serum. All mentioned evidences for a stimulating effect of the given preparations on the biosynthetic processes in the organism and for possibility of blood regeneration acceleration under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia.
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PMID:[Effect of combined application of carboxylin and sodium citrate on the restoration of blood proteins under conditions of experimental anemia]. 120 3

1. Six unanaesthetized goats were used to evaluate the effect of liver failure on the hypoxic responsiveness of cerebral blood flow. The animals breathed air and several different hypoxic gas mixtures enriched with sufficient CO2 to maintain an isocapnic state. The cerebral metabolic rate for O2 (CMRo2) was also measured in four of these goats. 2. In baseline studies there was a linear relationship between cerebral blood flow and arterial O2 saturation (Sa,o2) measured at different levels of isocapnic hypoxia. The slopes of the cerebral blood flow/Sa,o2 response lines were used to quantify the response of cerebral blood flow to hypoxia. In the healthy goat, CMRo2 was not depressed by hypoxia until the O2 tension (Po2) in arterial and cerebral venous blood had fallen below critical threshold values of approximately 3-2 and 2-2 kPa (24 and 16 mmHg) respectively. 3. Liver failure was accompanied by a fall in cerebral blood flow and CMRo2. There was also a depression in the response of cerebral blood flow to hypoxia and a disproportionate reduction of cerebral O2 delivery in hypoxia. CMRo2 was further reduced at arterial and cerebral venous Po2 values, which were much higher than the critical threshold values for producing hypoxic CMRo2 depression in health. 4. It is concluded that the brain becomes more vulnerable to the adverse effects of hypoxia during liver failure. This may be of practical importance in the management of patients with arterial hypoxaemia or other complications (e.g. anaemia or shock), which may reduce cerebral oxygen delivery.
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PMID:Effect of liver failure on the cerebral circulatory and metabolic responses to hypoxia in the goat. 124

A 9-month-old sexually intact male longhair cat was examined because of lethargy, anorexia, cold intolerance, and failure to thrive since acquisition at an early age. Clinical signs of disease were less pronounced when the cat was fed a low-protein diet. Anemia, hypoglycemia, low total CO2 content, and hyperammonemia were detected. The cat was euthanatized. Urine obtained immediately before euthanasia contained a large amount of methylmalonic acid. Total serum cobalamin concentration was low. Hepatic methylmalonic-CoA mutase activity, with and without the addition of coenzyme adenosylcobalamin, was consistent with a cobalamin deficiency. Methylmalonic acidemia secondary to a putative defect in cobalamin absorption was diagnosed.
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PMID:Cobalamin deficiency associated with methylmalonic acidemia in a cat. 150 Mar 7

The glycol ethers methoxyethanol (ME), ethoxyethanol (EE), and butoxyethanol (BE) are widely used in industrial and household products. Rodent studies indicate the ME and EE are potentially toxic compounds causing teratogenic, fetotoxic, hematotoxic, and testicular effects. Exposure of rodents to high concentrations of BE resulted in anemia due to hemolysis of blood cells, leukopenia, hemoglobinuria, and liver and kidney damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the uptake, metabolism, and excretion of dermally administered glycol ethers as a function of the externally applied dose. Three different amounts of the 14C-labeled glycol ethers (450-4000 mumole/kg) were applied to same-sized areas on the clipped backs of F344/N rats, and nonoccluded percutaneous absorption was measured. The rates of excretion of the 14C-labeled parent compound and metabolites by different routes were measured, as well as the amount of 14C remaining in the carcass. Within the dose range studied, the absorption and metabolism of these three glycol ethers by F344/N rats was linearly related to the dermally applied dose. The absorption of all three glycol ethers was approximately 20-25%, regardless of the chain length of the alkyl group or the dose administered. The majority of the absorbed dose was excreted in the urine. Feces and exhaled CO2 represented minor routes of excretion. The alkoxyacetic acid was a major metabolite for all three glycol ethers. The formation of small amounts of ethylene glycol indicated cleavage of the ether bond.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of dose on the disposition of methoxyethanol, ethoxyethanol, and butoxyethanol administered dermally to male F344/N rats. 139 93


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