Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dietary habits, especially micronutrient intake, and nutritional status of Vietnamese primary school girls were investigated in a cross-sectional survey. We interviewed 284 girls aged 7 to 9 years old, randomly selected from three rural (N=148) and two urban (N=136) primary schools. Dietary data were calculated from the results of 24-h recall interviews over three consecutive days. The dietary micronutrient pattern of the rural group showed deficiency of iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, beta-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin C. On the contrary, adequate consumption of these elements, except low beta-carotene, was observed in the urban group. Despite a low prevalence of anaemia, the prevalence of rural children with iron deficiency was close to the level regarded as being a public health problem. In contrast, 7.7% of urban children were found to have excessive iron status. Children with exhausted retinol stores (7.1%) requiring immediate retinol supplementation were only found in the rural group. Furthermore, the prevalence of children with marginal retinol stores in both the rural (35.7%) and urban (21.4%) groups was above the level of being a public health problem (20%). In both groups, more than 50% and 20% of children showed beta-carotene and tocopherol levels in the range of severe deficiency, respectively. Thus, nutritional education to improve the dietary habits of the two groups is necessary for Vietnamese primary school children.
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PMID:Micronutrient status of primary school girls in rural and urban areas of South Vietnam. 1281 Apr 8

X-radiation remains the treatment of choice in most cases of leukemia and lymphoma, but new agents are playing an increasing role in therapy. Radioactive phosphorus does not produce radiation sickness and results with it are comparable to those of x-ray therapy in chronic leukemia. Urethane and nitrogen mustard may produce remissions in patients with chronic leukemia who have become resistant to radiation. Triethylene melamine may be administered orally with nitrogen mustard-like effects and is undergoing further trial. Aminopterin, ACTH and cortisone often cause short remissions in acute leukemia. Urethane is the best treatment available for multiple myeloma. Polycythemia vera is well controlled by radioactive phosphorus combined with venesection. Nitrogen mustard is often effective and triethylene melamine shows promise in Hodgkin's disease. Antianemic substances such as iron and liver extract are of no value in the treatment of anemia caused by leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma.
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PMID:New therapy for leukemia, polycythemia, and lymphoma. 1301 1

A 68-year-old woman was hospitalised because of generalised weakness and development of confusional state, related to severe hyponatremia, probably due to an eating disorder with malnutrition. During the first days of hospitalisation the patient eats surprising large amounts of food. The worsening of the confusional state in spite of normalisation of natremia, and the progressive development of anemia and thrombocytopenia, leads to the discovery of a new onset severe hypophosphatemia. The rapid fall in plasma levels of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium are the main futures of the refeeding syndrome. Its clinical manifestations are neurological, muscular, haematological and renal. The development of this syndrome is associated with a high mortality. The refeeding syndrome is seen when carbohydrates are introduced after a period of malnutrition. Identification of patients at risk for the refeeding syndrome (anorexia nervosa, chronic alcoholism, chronic malnutrition, elderly patients, oncology patients), the introduction of cautious progressive nutrition and the careful monitoring of vital signs, electrolytes levels and fluid balance, allows to prevent morbidity and mortality of this syndrome.
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PMID:[Hypophosphatemia and refeeding syndrome: a severe and underdiagnosed adverse effect]. 1458 69

The World Congress of Nephrology was held in Berlin, Germany, June 8-12, 2003. The meeting offered the newest advances in basic and clinical nephrology science and was attended by about 9,000 scientists and clinicians from around the world. During the congress, results of the treatment of Fabry's disease with enzyme replacement therapy, the results of the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease with new erythropoietic agents (darbepoetin alfa, continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator), and the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism and calcium-phosphorus disorders in uremia with calcimimetic agents and new phosphate binders, such as lanthanum carbonate, were discussed. Furthermore, recent studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of new immunosuppressive agents and their combination for the treatment of renal transplant recipients were also presented.
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PMID:Recent advances in nephrology. 1466 43

There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence and clinical consequences of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in the chronic renal failure, maintenance dialysis, and renal transplant population in developing countries. Malnutrition, which is reported to be present in 42% to 77% of the end-stage renal disease population in developing countries, is strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. Many religious practices in developing countries promote abstinence from meat, fish, and eggs. Both a vegetarian dietary pattern, which is being adopted by an increasing number of people, and ingestion of inadequate protein and calories in the diet to arrest the progression of chronic renal failure, may lead to malnutrition. The attendant complications of PEM, malaise, wasting, anemia, and decreased immunity, may predispose these patients to infections. This is commonly seen in both the maintenance hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis population and may decrease their survival. There is an urgent need for nutritional counseling by a dietitian to contain the damage of malnutrition and to provide important nutritional information to the patient. Consultation with a dietitian should take place at least 3 times yearly and, in malnourished patients, more often, as needed. Dietetic documentation should include reports of food intake, subjective global assessment, anthropometric measurements, estimation of the nPNA, serum albumin, and prealbumin, the serum lipid profile, sodium and potassium intake, calcium and phosphorus status, and any changes in body weight.
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PMID:Malnutrition and nutritional therapy of chronic kidney disease in developing countries: the Asian perspective. 1470 74

A long hemodialysis (HD), 3 x 8 hours/week, has been used without significant modification in Tassin for 35 years with excellent morbidity and mortality results. It can be performed during the day or overnight. The relatively good survival is mainly due to a lower cardiovascular mortality than usually reported in dialysis patients. This in turn is mainly due to the good control of blood pressure (BP) including drug-free hypertension control and low incidence of intradialytic hypotension. This control of BP is probably the result of the tight extracellular volume normalization (dry weight), although one cannot exclude the effect of other factors such as serum phosphorus control well achieved using long dialysis. The high dose of small and even more of middle molecules is another essential virtue of long dialysis, leading to good nutrition, correction of anemia, control of serum phosphate and potassium with low doses of medications and providing a very cost-effective treatment. In 2002 one must aim at optimal rather than just adequate dialysis. Optimal dialysis needs to correct as perfectly as possible each and every abnormality due to renal failure. It can be achieved using longer (or more frequent) sessions. Overnight dialysis is the most logical way of implementing long HD with the lowest possible hindrance on patient's life. Due to the change in case mix a decreasing number of patients are able or willing to go on overnight dialysis, education to be autonomous is more difficult, but the benefit is still there.
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PMID:Long 3 x 8 hr dialysis: a three-decade summary. 1473 3

The results of postmortem examination of cases of hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit together with histologic observations on organs and tissues other than the skeleton have been described. The principal findings were, first, those associated with the characteristic progressive anemia of the disease, such as extramedullary foci of hemopoietic tissue, lymphoid hyperplasia, and the occurrence of hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. There was a widespread tissue distribution of intense phosphatase staining and of fine calcium deposition, as would be expected in the circumstances of the profound skeletal abnormality (3). In advanced cases with established growth retardation, malnutrition, and deterioration, the tissues generally showed a decreased glycogen content. The large amount of parathyroid tissue found in both early and late cases suggested a state of hyperparathyroidism. Low serum calcium, high serum phosphorus and phosphatase levels (2), and a predominately osteoblastic reaction (3) were suggestive of hypoparathyroidism. The possibility that an involvement of the parathyroid glands was a basic or primary condition of the disease is discussed. Evidence of a disturbance of other endocrine glands was shown by the predominately acidophilic staining reaction of the colloid of the thyroid, an enlargement of the adrenals in which both cortex and medulla participated, and the tendency toward a basophilia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. It was pointed out that before an explanation of the part played by the parathyroid glands in this disease could be made, other data, including particularly embryological studies, must be available. Similarly, an interpretation of other endocrine gland changes must await additional information.
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PMID:Hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit. IV. Pathologic observations; general features. 1478 40

The London Daily/Nocturnal Hemodialysis Study, a prospective, comparative, nonrandomized study, directly compared outcomes of quotidian (daily) hemodialysis patients with conventional thrice-weekly hemodialysis patients. Patients were assigned to either daily (short-hours) hemodialysis (n = 11) or nocturnal hemodialysis (n = 12) and followed up for 5-36 months; all data were directly compared with matched control patients receiving conventional hemodialysis (n = 22). Outcomes evaluated were adequacy (urea kinetics), nutrition, anemia management, blood pressure and volume control, calcium/phosphorus control, and patient quality of life. In addition, a detailed economic analysis was undertaken. The study showed that both quotidian hemodialysis regimens are more effective than conventional hemodialysis in improving weekly urea clearance. Significant clinical improvements were seen with quotidian therapy in the areas of nutrition (short-hours daily), blood pressure (both), volume control (short-hours daily), calcium/phosphorus control (nocturnal), and quality of life (both). A nonsignificant trend for improvement in anemia management was suggested. The economic analysis showed substantial savings in annualized cost per quality-adjusted life-year in changing from conventional hemodialysis (carried out in-center, in satellite units, or at home) to home quotidian hemodialysis. The substantial clinical benefits of home quotidian hemodialysis, combined with the economic advantage shown by this study, clearly justify its expansion. (The details of this study have recently been published in 11 articles in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases[2003;42(suppl 1)].
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PMID:The London, Ontario, Daily/Nocturnal Hemodialysis Study. 1504 7

Thrice-weekly hemodialysis is the most commonly used form of renal replacement therapy, yet it is associated with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Attempts to improve outcomes for hemodialysis patients by increasing their per-session dose of dialysis have recently proven unsatisfactory in the multicentered Hemodialysis (HEMO) study. Interest has thus turned to increasing dialysis frequency. Short daily and long nocturnal dialysis, which are typically performed 6 days per week, are gaining acceptance and are associated with significant improvements in secondary outcomes, including nutrition, left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension, anemia, and calcium-phosphorus balance. Studies to date have not been adequately powered to detect the survival benefits that these changes may confer. Large-scale randomized studies are planned, but will likely not answer the survival question for several years. Until this issue is resolved, funding policies are unlikely to change, confining current dialysis patients to potentially suboptimal therapy. By capturing data from current and future daily dialysis patients using an international registry, a survival benefit might be demonstrated more quickly. Such a project will soon be undertaken by the London Daily/Nocturnal Study Group with endorsement from the International Society for Hemodialysis and the U.S. National Institutes of Health. This database will also provide useful descriptive data that will help develop methodologies in this growing field. Historically the interpretation of dialysis registry data has been plagued with various methodological problems. These are briefly reviewed, and some potential solutions and necessary precautions are discussed.
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PMID:An international registry to compare quotidian dialysis regimens with conventional thrice-weekly hemodialysis: why, how, and potential pitfalls. 1504 15

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common occurrence in patients with chronic renal failure and is characterized by excessive serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, parathyroid hyperplasia and imbalances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. PTH acts as a uraemic toxin and it may be responsible for the following long-term consequences: renal osteodystrophy; non-skeletal abnormalities, including severe vascular and heart valve calcification; alterations in cardiovascular structure and function; immune dysfunction; and renal anaemia. The risk of developing SHPT is not the same for all uraemic patients. Black patients appear to have a higher risk of developing SHPT than Caucasian patients, and patients with diabetes have a lower risk than non-diabetic patients. Current treatments include dietary phosphate restriction, oral phosphate binders, vitamin D and its analogues, and, in severe cases, parathyroidectomy. These treatments do not provide optimal treatment for many patients, and compounds that directly inhibit PTH secretion may prove a major step forward in the treatment of SHPT.
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PMID:The clinical consequences of secondary hyperparathyroidism: focus on clinical outcomes. 1528 53


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