Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new retravirus (SMRV) isolated from a squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, has an Mg2+-dependen reverse transcriptase and a buoyant density of 1.17 g/cm3 in sucrose and 1.21 g/cm3 in cesium chloride, similar to the mouse mammary tumor virus and the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. The polypeptide patter of SMRV as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was distinct from the reported polypeptide patterns of known retraviruses. Four major polypeptides of molecular weights 40,000, 20,000, 14,000 and 8,000 were resolved in virus propagated in human, mink, and canine cells. In A204 human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, a protein of 73,000 daltons (gp73) represented the major viral glycoprotein as determined by [3H]glucosamine labeling. Additional proteins were also observed, but their presence depended on the cell type in which the virus was propagated. In both species-and interspecies-specific assays, no antigenic relatedness was observed between SMRV and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, baboon endogenous virus (BaLV), woolly monkey virus (SSV-1), murine leukemia virus, endogenous feline type C virus (RD-114), bovine leukemia virus, and equine infectious anemia virus. These findings indicate that SMRV represents a new retravirus and the first isolate from a New World monkey.
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PMID:Characterization of a retravirus isolated from squirrel monkeys. 6 28

Magnesium-deficient fetuses exhibited malformations (44%), anemia, and edema. Maternal plasma magnesium levels at day 21 of pregnancy reflected the level of dietary magnesium (2.43 +/- 0.09 mg Mg/100 ml, control; 0.74 +/- 0.02 mg Mg/100 ml, deficient). Plasma magnesium levels of deficient fetuses showed similar decreases although all fetal magnesium values at term were hihger than maternal values from the same group (3.29 +/- 0.22 mg Mg/100 ml, control; 1.78 +/- 0.07 mg Mg/100 ml, deficient). Magnesium deficiency did not appear to affect the maternal blood parameters. However, when fetal blood was examined, all of the parameters measured were altered in magnesum-deficient fetuses (Table 2). No abnormalities in hemoglobin bands or plasma proteins were seen between any groups by electrophoresis. Measurement of total protein contents showed no differences between maternal blood protein contents, but total plasma protein from magnesium-deficient fetuses was significantly lower than controls (2.00 +/- 0.14 versus 2.62 +/- 0.13 g/100 ml), thus establishing a factor in fetal edema production. Morphologic data showed that in magnesium-deficient fetuses, fetal erythropoiesis was significantly greater in liver, adrenal glands, and spleen than in controls and that maturation was normoblastic. Stained and unstained peripheral blood smears of magnesium-deficient fetuses showed and obvious macrocytosis and at least 50% of the red cells stained abnormally, exhibiting pale areas. Erythrocytic morphology seen in fetal magnesium deficiency is consistent with inadequate filling of the cell by hemoglobin as suggested by Cohlan et al. (5), a probable cause of membrane collapse. The inadequate filling of magnesium-deficient red blood cells (RBC) with hemoglobin might be explained by a reduction in hemoglobin synthesis which is consistent with the reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC) of the deficient fetal red cells. The role of magnesium in protein synthesis is also compatible with a reduction in hemoglobin synthesis, yet may not completely explain the abnormalities and resultant shortened lifespan of the red cells.
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PMID:Magnesium deficiency anemia in the rat fetus. 86 20

A rare familial case of hereditary stomatocytosis with hemolytic anemia, increased autohemolysis, increased osmotic fragility, and shortened erythrocyte survival is described. The erythrocytes were abnormally permeable to sodium and potassium. In addition, "Na-K pump" rate of the red blood cells was increased, while Na+-K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Mg2+-Ca2+-ATPase activities were within normal limits. Splenectomy induced marked improvement of anemia.
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PMID:A family of hereditary stomatocytosis associated with normal level of Na+-K+-ATPase activity of red blood cells. 630 Dec 65

Selective modification of one (of three) tyrosine residue per enzyme monomer leads to inactivation of dUTPase of the retrovirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The substrate dUMP and the cofactor Mg2+ protect against inactivation and modification, in agreement with the study on E. coli dUTPase (Vertessy et al. (1994) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1205, 146-150). Amino acid analyses of nitrated dUTPases confirmed Tyr-selectivity of modification. The nitrated residue in E. coli dUTPase was identified as the evolutionary highly conserved Tyr-93. The modifiable residue is shown to be the only Tyr exposed in both E. coli and EIAV dUTPases. As a consequence of Tyr-93 derivatization, the Mg2+-dependent interaction between the substrate-analogue dUDP and E. coli dUTPase becomes impaired as shown by circular dichroism spectroscopy, here presented as a tool for monitoring ligand binding to the active site.
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PMID:Specific derivatization of the active site tyrosine in dUTPase perturbs ligand binding to the active site. 860 80

An array of sickle cell syndromes has been obtained in transgenic mice, expressing HbS or super HbS, from the asymptomatic phenotype similar to the human A/S state to a syndrome more severe than the human homozygous S/S state, inducing 100% fetal death. Anemia was observed in SAD and SAD (beta th/ beta +) neonates and disappeared during postnatal development. In adults, many features of sickle cell disease are found in transgenic mice, especially in SAD and SAD (beta th/ beta +) mice, including abnormal hemolysis, vasoocclusion, microthrombosis, infarct, priapism, chronic organ defects, and death on hypoxia. These mouse models are relevant to the study of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and the induction of vasoocclusion and to evaluate new therapeutic approaches in vivo. Clotrimazole and Mg2+ restore hydration of sickle cells and 12 C79 protected SAD mice from lethal acute hypoxia.
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PMID:Transgenic mouse models of sickle cell disease. 937 66

This report reviews the safety of Aluminum, Calcium, Lithium Magnesium, Lithium Magnesium Sodium, Magnesium Aluminum, Magnesium, Sodium Magnesium, and Zirconium Silicates, Magnesium Trisilicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite as used in cosmetic formulations. The common aspect of all these claylike ingredients is that they contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. Many silicates occur naturally and are mined; yet others are produced synthetically. Typical cosmetic uses of silicates include abrasive, opacifying agent, viscosity-increasing agent, anticaking agent, emulsion stabilizer, binder, and suspending agent. Clay silicates (silicates containing water in their structure) primarily function as adsorbents, opacifiers, and viscosity-increasing agents. Pyrophyllite is also used as a colorant. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has ruled Attapulgite fibers >5 microm as possibly carcinogenic to humans, but fibers <5 microm were not classified as to their carcinogenicity to humans. Likewise, Clinoptilolite, Phillipsite, Mordenite, Nonfibrous Japanese Zeolite, and synthetic Zeolites were not classified as to their carcinogenicity to humans. These ingredients are not significantly toxic in oral acute or short-term oral or parenteral toxicity studies in animals. Inhalation toxicity, however, is readily demonstrated in animals. Particle size, fibrogenicity, concentration, and mineral composition had the greatest effect on toxicity. Larger particle size and longer and wider fibers cause more adverse effects. Magnesium Aluminum Silicate was a weak primary skin irritant in rabbits and had no cumulative skin irritation in guinea pigs. No gross effects were reported in any of these studies. Sodium Magnesium Silicate had no primary skin irritation in rabbits and had no cumulative skin irritation in guinea pigs. Hectorite was nonirritating to the skin of rabbits in a Draize primary skin irritation study. Magnesium Aluminum Silicate and Sodium Magnesium Silicate caused minimal eye irritation in a Draize eye irritation test. Bentonite caused severe iritis after injection into the anterior chamber of the eyes of rabbits and when injected intralamellarly, widespread corneal infiltrates and retrocorneal membranes were recorded. In a primary eye irritation study in rabbits, Hectorite was moderately irritating without washing and practically nonirritating to the eye with a washout. Rats tolerated a single dose of Zeolite A without any adverse reaction in the eye. Calcium Silicate had no discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival in rabbits. Magnesium Aluminum Silicate had neither a teratogenic nor adverse effects on the mouse fetus. Female rats receiving a 20% Kaolin diet exhibited maternal anemia but no significant reduction in birth weight of the pups was recorded. Type A Zeolite produced no adverse effects on the dam, embryo, or fetus in either rats or rabbits at any dose level. Clinoptilolite had no effect on female rat reproductive performance. These ingredients were not genotoxic in the Ames bacterial test system. In primary hepatocyte cultures, the addition of Attapulgite had no significant unscheduled DNA synthesis. Attapulgite did cause significant increases in unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat pleural mesothelial cells, but no significant increase in sister chromosome exchanges were seen. Zeolite particles (<10 microm) produced statistically significant increase in the percentage of aberrant metaphases in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cells collected by peritoneal lavage from exposed mice. Topical application of Magnesium Aluminum Silicate to human skin daily for 1 week produced no adverse effects. Occupational exposure to mineral dusts has been studied extensively. Fibrosis and pneumoconiosis have been documented in workers involved in the mining and processing of Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Zirconium Silicate, Fuller's Earth, Kaolin, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that the extensive pulmonary damage in humans was the result of direct occupational inhalation of the dusts and noted that lesions seen in animals were affected by particle size, fiber length, and concentration. The Panel considers that most of the formulations are not respirable and of the preparations that are respirable, the concentration of the ingredient is very low. Even so, the Panel considered that any spray containing these solids should be formulated to minimize their inhalation. With this admonition to the cosmetics industry, the CIR Expert Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe as currently used in cosmetic formulations. The Panel did note that the cosmetic ingredient, Talc, is a hydrated magnesium silicate. Because it has a unique crystalline structure that differs from ingredients addressed in this safety assessment, Talc is not included in this report.
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PMID:Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. 1285 Nov 64

Public health recommendations encourage the selection of a balanced diet and increasing physical activity to foster health and well-being. Whereas the adverse effects of restricted intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrate on physical performance are well known, there is limited information about the impact of low intakes of vitamins and minerals on the exercise capacity and performance of humans. Physically active people generally consume amounts of vitamins and minerals consistent with the recommendations for the general public. However, when intakes are less than recommendations, some noticeable functional impairments occur. Acute or short-term marginal deficiencies, identified by blood biochemical measures of vitamin B status, had no impacts on performance measures. Severe deprivation of folate and vitamin B12 result in anemia and reduce endurance work performance. Evidence of vitamin A and E deficiencies in athletic individuals is lacking apparently because body storage is appreciable. In contrast to vitamins, marginal mineral deficiencies impair performance. Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, impairs muscle function and limits work capacity. Magnesium deprivation increases oxygen requirements to complete submaximal exercise and reduces endurance performance. Use of vitamin and mineral supplements does not improve measures of performance in people consuming adequate diets. Young girls and individuals participating in activities with weight classifications or aesthetic components are prone to nutrient deficiencies because they restrict food intake and specific micronutrient-rich foods. This information will be useful to professionals who counsel physically active people and scientific groups who make dietary recommendations to improve health and optimize genetic potential.
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PMID:Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. 1521 45

The objective of this update is to give an overview of the effects of dietary nutrients on the structure and certain functions of the brain. As any other organ, the brain is elaborated from substances present in the diet (sometimes exclusively, for vitamins, minerals, essential amino-acids and essential fatty acids, including omega- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids). However, for long it was not fully accepted that food can have an influence on brain structure, and thus on its function, including cognitive and intellectuals. In fact, most micronutrients (vitamins and trace-elements) have been directly evaluated in the setting of cerebral functioning. For instance, to produce energy, the use of glucose by nervous tissue implies the presence of vitamin B1; this vitamin modulates cognitive performance, especially in the elderly. Vitamin B9 preserves brain during its development and memory during ageing. Vitamin B6 is likely to benefit in treating premenstrual depression. Vitamins B6 and B12, among others, are directly involved in the synthesis of some neurotransmitters. Vitamin B12 delays the onset of signs of dementia (and blood abnormalities), provided it is administered in a precise clinical timing window, before the onset of the first symptoms. Supplementation with cobalamin improves cerebral and cognitive functions in the elderly; it frequently improves the functioning of factors related to the frontal lobe, as well as the language function of those with cognitive disorders. Adolescents who have a borderline level of vitamin B12 develop signs of cognitive changes. In the brain, the nerve endings contain the highest concentrations of vitamin C in the human body (after the suprarenal glands). Vitamin D (or certain of its analogues) could be of interest in the prevention of various aspects of neurodegenerative or neuroimmune diseases. Among the various vitamin E components (tocopherols and tocotrienols), only alpha-tocopherol is actively uptaken by the brain and is directly involved in nervous membranes protection. Even vitamin K has been involved in nervous tissue biochemistry. Iron is necessary to ensure oxygenation and to produce energy in the cerebral parenchyma (via cytochrome oxidase), and for the synthesis of neurotransmitters and myelin; iron deficiency is found in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Iron concentrations in the umbilical artery are critical during the development of the foetus, and in relation with the IQ in the child; infantile anaemia with its associated iron deficiency is linked to perturbation of the development of cognitive functions. Iron deficiency anaemia is common, particularly in women, and is associated, for instance, with apathy, depression and rapid fatigue when exercising. Lithium importance, at least in psychiatry, is known for a long time. Magnesium plays important roles in all the major metabolisms: in oxidation-reduction and in ionic regulation, among others. Zinc participates among others in the perception of taste. An unbalanced copper metabolism homeostasis (due to dietary deficiency) could be linked to Alzheimer disease. The iodine provided by the thyroid hormone ensures the energy metabolism of the cerebral cells; the dietary reduction of iodine during pregnancy induces severe cerebral dysfunction, actually leading to cretinism. Among many mechanisms, manganese, copper, and zinc participate in enzymatic mechanisms that protect against free radicals, toxic derivatives of oxygen. More specifically, the full genetic potential of the child for physical growth ad mental development may be compromised due to deficiency (even subclinical) of micronutrients. Children and adolescents with poor nutritional status are exposed to alterations of mental and behavioural functions that can be corrected by dietary measures, but only to certain extend. Indeed, nutrient composition and meal pattern can exert either immediate or long-term effects, beneficial or adverse. Brain diseases during aging can also be due to failure for protective mechanism, due to dietary deficiencies, for instance in anti-oxidants and nutrients (trace elements, vitamins, non essential micronutrients such as polyphenols) related with protection against free radicals. Macronutrients are presented in the accompanying paper.
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PMID:Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: micronutrients. 1706 9

Mammalian lipins (lipin-1, lipin-2, and lipin-3) are Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) enzymes, which catalyze a key reaction in glycerolipid biosynthesis. Lipin-1 also functions as a transcriptional coactivator in conjunction with members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family. An S734L mutation in LPIN2 causes Majeed syndrome, a human inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent osteomyelitis, fever, dyserythropoietic anemia, and cutaneous inflammation. Here we demonstrate that mutation of the equivalent serine in mouse lipin-1 and lipin-2 to leucine or aspartate abolishes PAP activity but does not impair lipin association with microsomal membranes, the major site of glycerolipid synthesis. We also determined that lipin-2 has transcriptional coactivator activity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-response elements similar to lipin-1 and that this activity is not affected by mutating the conserved serine. Therefore, our results indicate that the symptoms of the Majeed syndrome result from a loss of lipin-2 PAP activity. To characterize sites of lipin-2 action, we detected lipin-2 expression by in situ hybridization on whole mouse sections and by quantitative PCR of tissues relevant to Majeed syndrome. Lipin-2 was most prominently expressed in liver, where levels were much higher than lipin-1, and also in kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and specific regions of the brain. Lipin-2 was also expressed in circulating red blood cells and sites of lymphopoiesis (bone marrow, thymus, and spleen). These results raise the possibility that the loss of lipin-2 PAP activity in erythrocytes and lymphocytes may contribute to the anemia and inflammation phenotypes observed in Majeed syndrome patients.
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PMID:A conserved serine residue is required for the phosphatidate phosphatase activity but not the transcriptional coactivator functions of lipin-1 and lipin-2. 1971 60

The inhibitory effects of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate in complex with the Mg2+ ion (azido-ddUTP.Mg) on the dUTPases of the human, E. coli, and equine infectious anemia virus have been compared. Azido-ddUTP is analogous to drugs used in the treatment of HIV. Here it is shown to inhibit the bacterial dUTPase in a competitive manner (Ki = 9.3 microM), but to exhibit only marginal or no binding to the human and viral dUTPases, respectively. This is the first demonstration of an inhibitor with a strong preference for binding to a bacterial dUTPase over the human enzyme. The specific binding to the E. coli dUTPase is surprising in view of the close to identical substrate pockets among the three dUTPases tested. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility of designing active site directed inhibitors that bind to the homotrimeric dUTPase of a pathogen but not to the human form.
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PMID:Differential inhibition of homotrimeric dUTPases by the 3'-azido derivative of dideoxy-UTP. 1976 2


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