Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The technique of participatory rural appraisal is reported from India as a means of encouraging village women to become active in a safe motherhood and child survival program. Gandhigram Rural Institute decided to adopt the technique in a nearby village. 50 women of reproductive age, married or unmarried, participated in the project. The women formed themselves into two groups, one of which was asked to identify and analyze women's health problems, while the other discussed those of the children in the community. Group activities included: focus group discussions to understand the women's perceptions of maternal health problems; mapping so that clients could be identified; identification of couples in the reproductive age group who require contraceptive service; and verbal autopsies, intended to link health problems and resources. Each group had a facilitator, an observer, and a presenter. The first group produced a map showing the locations of women of reproductive age, mothers with infants, mothers with children aged between one and five years, pregnant women, users and non-users of contraception, and women with anemia. In the second group of women, information was given on common diseases of children, a case of polio, and infant mortality. The following measures had been adopted by women in the village to prevent child morbidity: immunization; taking three nutritive meals a day during pregnancy; giving rice water and sugar and salt solution to combat diarrhea; giving good weaning food from the age of eight months; breast-feeding; taking a bath regularly; referring cases of illness to hospital; and using traditional medicine against worm infestations. Critical cases were generally referred to hospitals and to the primary care center at Narasingapuram. The anaemic women were cared for as promised. Thus participatory rural appraisal was successfully used to obtain information about maternal and child health problems.
 ...
PMID:Community protection for the health of mothers and children. 794 60

PAHO member countries maintain food and nutrition surveillance systems. The prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 0-4 in Latin American and Caribbean countries ranges from 0.8% in Chile to 38.5% in Guatemala. It is 2.9% in the US. Low height-for-age is most common among children aged 0-4 in Guatemala (57.9%), Bolivia (38.3%), Peru (35.2%), and Ecuador (34%). The interval between observations of malnutrition prevalence ranged from 22 years in Honduras to 3-4 years in Nicaragua and Panama. Overall, there was a downward trend in malnutrition rates in the Americas. Yet, malnutrition is increasing in Guatemala and Panama. Breast feeding, good weaning practices, appropriate feeding during disease episodes, nutrition education, and programs for immunization and control of diarrhea and respiratory diseases account for the downward trend. Anemia rates among pregnant women (=or 11 g Hb/dl) vary from 13% in Asuncion, Paraguay, to 61% in Misiones, Argentina. Those for preschoolers range from 22% to 45% in Brazil and 27% to 53% in Peru. The prevalence of goiter is more than 50% in Merida, Venezuela, and Chameza, Colombia. It differs greatly in different areas within the same country. Most countries have laws requiring iodination of all salt for human consumption, yet violations are common. Certain areas of the countries in the Americas have vitamin A deficiency rates ranging from 5% to 48.8%. Some countries have enacted laws for sugar enrichment with retinol palmitate to reduce vitamin A deficiency. During the 1970s, deaths from chronic diseases related to nutrition increased 105% in South America, 56% in Central America, Mexico, and Panama, and 21% in the Caribbean. Prevalence of obesity among children aged 0-6 varies from 2.2% in Nicaragua and Brazil to 10.7% in Chile. Adult obesity is most common in Uruguay (about 50%). It is more common among females than males. The highest rates among 20-29 year olds are in Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Peru. The US adult obesity rate is 12%.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional situation in the Americas. 799 15

Iron deficiency affects more than one billion people worldwide, although it is most common among young children and women of childbearing age. Poor iron status has severe nutritional and health consequences. The authors describe the longitudinal effect of iron-fortified drinking water given to a group of Brazilian preschool children as a way of combatting iron deficiency and anemia. The statuses of 31 preschool children attending a day-care institution for low socioeconomic families in Ribeirao Preto were followed from November 1990 to October 1991. Iron sulfate was added daily to subjects' drinking water container. Measurements of hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in the children were taken before the addition and four and eight months later to evaluate iron status. Mean hemoglobin values increased from 10.6 to 13.7 g/dL and serum ferritin from 13.7 to 25.6 ug/L with no problems reported related to the salt addition or to the children drinking the iron-enriched water. The number of iron-deficient children decreased drastically after they began drinking the iron-enriched water. It may therefore be concluded that iron-enriched drinking water is a practical alternative to supply iron to children attending a day-care institution.
 ...
PMID:Drinking water as an iron carrier to control anemia in preschool children in a day-care center. 800 2

This retrospective study concerns six cases of gravido-puerperal cardiomyopathy. These six cases account for 18% of all cases of non-obstructive cardiomyopathy (NOCM) affecting women in general and 67% of NOCM in women of childbearing age. Mean age was 28.5 with a range of 18 to 39. Reported risk factors include poor socio-economic conditions, multiparity, twin pregnancies and anemia. The clinical picture is that of cardiac failure, most often congestive (83.3%), with a systolic murmur of functional mitral incompetence (50%) and atypical chest pain (50%). The ECG is invariably abnormal, without specific signs. The high incidence of repolarisation disturbances is a fairly special feature. Echocardiography is the technique of choice, enabling detection, diagnosis and study of ventricular function, which is an important factor in prognostic evaluation. Medical treatment is based upon a combination of rest, salt-free diet, diuretics, digitalis and vasodilators. The etiology remains unknown and the prognosis is severe despite cases of complete recovery.
 ...
PMID:[Meadows syndrome: puerperal cardiomyopathy]. 808 5

The main objective of our study was to evolve a practical management protocol for neurosurgical patients with hyponatremia and natriuresis, based on their blood volume status and hematocrit. Twenty-one patients with hyponatremia and natriuresis and 3 control patients were studied. Patients with hyponatremia were categorized on the basis of their hematocrit, central venous pressure, and total blood volume. Group A consisted of patients with hypovolemia and anemia (16 patients); Group B patients had hypovolemia but no anemia (5 patients); Group C included those with hypervolemia (0 patients). Patients in Groups A and B received isotonic saline (> 50 ml/kg/d) and oral salt (12 g/d). Additionally, those in Group A were transfused with 500 ml of whole blood. The end points in the study were 72 hours after entry or two consecutive serum sodium values of > 130 mEq/L, whichever was earlier. Hyponatremia was corrected in all the patients within 72 hours (1 patient, < 24 h; 13 patients, < 48 h; and 7 patients, < 72 h). We conclude that most neurosurgical patients with hyponatremia and natriuresis have hypovolemia, with or without anemia. Fluid and salt replacement and a blood transfusion rather than fluid restriction often results in the correction of the hyponatremia. Our findings offer indirect evidence to support the hypothesis that in most of these patients, hyponatremia is caused by cerebral salt wasting syndrome, rather than the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
 ...
PMID:Management of neurosurgical patients with hyponatremia and natriuresis. 817 88

The prognosis of advanced-stage bladder cancer is poor. Chemotherapy, particularly regimens including platinum salts, appears to increase survival moderately but at the cost of severe, mainly renal toxicity. Platinum is a major factor in this toxicity, and new platinum salts (chiefly carboplatin) have therefore been developed. Carboplatin has no renal toxicity at usual doses, and its use does not require concomitant hyperhydration. Its gastrointestinal, otologic, and general tolerability is excellent. In contrast, most patients develop thrombocytopenia, which can be important, but which is always transitory. The platelet count reaches its nadir (grade 2 or 3) at around day 20, and the leukocyte nadir (grade 2 or 3) occurs about day 19. Anemia is rare. The literature on the use of carboplatin for the treatment of advanced-stage urothelial tumors is reviewed. Carboplatin is used at doses varying between 200 and 400 mg/m2, administered in 28-day courses. Dose adjustment is based on serum creatinine level, creatinine clearance, nadir blood cell levels, or previous treatment, reflecting the wide disparity between different studies. Used alone, carboplatin achieved objective responses (ORs) in 14% of patients (3% complete responses, CRs, and 11% partial responses, PRs) in a total group of 327 patients included in 13 trials. In polychemotherapy various combinations of carboplatin with other agents have been reported, most frequently carboplatin/methotrexate/vinblastine; the OR rate was 63% (CR rate 19% and PR rate 44%) among 88 patients in four studies. These results confirm the relative efficacy of carboplatin in the treatment of advanced-stage urothelial tumors, particularly when it is combined with other agents. Its efficacy is similar to that of cisplatin, but it is far less toxic. A prospective, comparative trial will be necessary to confirm these data. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of the two platinum salts are markedly different, as carboplatin does not undergo tubular metabolism. The efficacy of carboplatin could be optimized by adapting the dosage to the glomerular filtration rate, which is a more accurate method than extrapolation from the serum creatinine or creatinine clearance values. This has been shown in the case of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Calculation of the optimum carboplatin dose should now be applied to urothelial tumors. The general and renal tolerability of a platinum salt is an important element of choice when the efficacies are equivalent. These considerations fully warrant further clinical trials of carboplatin.
 ...
PMID:Carboplatin and urothelial tumors. 823 99

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is the most common cardiovascular alteration observed in end-stage renal disease patients. LV hypertrophy results from chronic flow and pressure overload and combines features of concentric and eccentric hypertrophy. The causes of chronic flow overload are the presence of AV shunt, salt and water overload, and anemia. The pressure overload is related to alterations of physical properties of large arteries characterized by an increased arterial and aortic stiffness. The systolic function of hypertrophied ventricle is preserved, but the diastolic filling is impaired. The ventricular hypertrophy progresses over the time on hemodialysis together with a progressive worsening of both systolic and diastolic functions.
 ...
PMID:Cardiac hypertrophy and arterial alterations in end-stage renal disease: hemodynamic factors. 832 Sep 46

Calcium is a threshold nutrient which means that a nutritional response in terms of calcium balance or bone mass will be present at intakes below the threshold and not above. The analogy can be made with the case of iron nutrition and anemia. Estimates of the threshold intake levels can be made for all stages of life based on available calcium balance data. They range between 1.3 g/day for infants to 1.5 g/day for women past menopause. Calcium nutrition is most important during growth and development in achieving genetically programmed peak skeletal mass. It is also important in maintaining bone mass in the elderly years. Calcium needs are supplied by the breakdown of the skeleton during the first few years after menopause, and thus calcium nutrition is less important until about 5 or 6 years after cessation of menses. Optimum calcium intake is best obtained from food sources; however, the lower food intake of modern humans compared with the food intake of humans during involution has resulted in difficulty in gaining an adequate intake of calcium. Calcium supplements are destined to become and important source of dietary calcium and thus some attention must be paid to their nutritional value. Solubility of a calcium salt is not a major determinant of absorbability over a range of 5 orders of magnitude of solubility. However, there is a well-defined enhancing effect of the co-ingestion of a meal with calcium supplements. It would seem prudent to recommend that any calcium supplement be given at meal times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Prevention of osteoporosis: calcium nutrition. 846 50

We present a 72-year-old man who had episodes of severe, acute renal failure during severe attacks of diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae. Patterns of acute tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis developed following hypotension and decrease in renal blood flow, causing secondary renal ischemia. There was severe dehydration with profound hypovolemia and infection. The clinical picture included fever, weakness, arthralgia, pedal edema, mild bilateral pleural effusions, anemia, leukocytosis, azotemia with a maximum of 330 mg/dl of urea, creatine to a maximum of 9.8 mg/dl, hypoproteinemia, severe metabolic acidosis, marked increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), microscopic hematuria, sterile leukocyturia, normoglycemic glucosuria and phosphaturia with diminished tubular reabsorption of phosphorus. A short oliguric phase was followed by a polyuric phase lasting about 10 days, and glomerular and tubular function became normal after about 3 weeks. Treatment was by intensive infusions of fluids, electrolytes, sodium bicarbonate, salt-free albumin and antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this renal complication of cholera has not yet been described in Israel.
 ...
PMID:[Acute renal failure as a complication of cholera]. 868 55

The purpose of this study was to dissociate effects of reduced viscosity from those of low arterial O2 content (CaO2) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) during anemia. Three groups (n = 8) of pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized cats were studied: 1) a time-control group with a hematocrit of 32 +/- 1% (SE), 2) an anemia group that underwent an isovolumic exchange transfusion with albumin in a salt solution to decrease hematocrit to 18 +/- 1%, and 3) a group transfused with cell-free, tetramerically stabilized hemoglobin to decrease hematocrit equivalently to that in the albumin-transfused group. CaO2 (in ml/dl) in the hemoglobin-transfused group (11.8 +/- 0.3) and the control group (15.0 +/- 0.6) was greater than that in the albumin group (8.7 +/- 0.3). CBF (in ml.min-1.100 g-1) in the hemoglobin group (45 +/- 3) and control group (36 +/- 4) was less than that in the albumin group (60 +/- 3). Consequently, cerebral O2 transport (CaO2 x CBF) was similar in the hemoglobin, control, and albumin groups (5.3 +/- 0.3, 5.3 +/- 0.4, and 5.2 +/- 0.2 ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively). After infusion of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) synthase, CBF in the hemoglobin group remained lower than that in the albumin group, suggesting that NO scavenging by hemoglobin did not solely account for the lower CBF. In contrast, the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) exhibited substantial decreases in blood flow that were not augmented by L-NAME administration after hemoglobin transfusion and that were similar in magnitude to L-NAME alone. Thus NO scavenging by cell-free hemoglobin may be more prominent in high-flow, protein-permeable regions enriched with NO synthase. These results support the hypothesis that O2 transport to cerebrum is well regulated when CaO2 is manipulated independently of hematocrit and viscosity.
 ...
PMID:Cerebral O2 transport with hematocrit reduced by cross-linked hemoglobin transfusion. 877 20


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>