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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The course of Trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep was followed for 96 days. Infected animals developed fluctuating parasitaemia, macrocytic normochromic anaemia and leucocytosis which was principally a lymphocytosis. Following treatment with the trypanocidal drug, diminazene aceturate at 84 days after infection, the haematological values returned to normal within 12 days. Infected sheep developed hypocholesterolaemia and hypophospholipidaemia leading to a reduction in total serum lipids. This study has shown that sheep infected with T. congolense develop anaemia, the onset of which follows the first wave of parasitaemia. The changes in blood lipids observed in infected sheep appeared to be related to the intensity and duration of parasitaemia.
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PMID:The pathophysiology of ovine trypanosomosis: haematological and blood biochemical changes. 148 19

Eight trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle controlled an infection of Trypanosoma congolense ILNat 3.1 transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis, more efficiently than a group of similarly infected trypanosusceptible Boran cattle. All eight N'Damas maintained their PCV above 15% throughout the primary infection whereas the PCV of six of the eight Borans dropped below 15%; these latter animals were treated with diminazene aceturate to prevent possible death. Lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts also decreased in the Boran during the primary infection. In contrast, a lymphocytosis was observed in the N'Dama; and although the neutrophil and platelet counts decreased, the drop was less severe than in the Boran. Two years after the primary infection and immediately prior to a homologous rechallenge infection, all eight N'Damas had neutralizing anti-metacyclic trypanosome variant-specific antibodies present in their sera compared to five of the eight Borans. Following the homologous rechallenge infection the eight N'Damas became parasitaemic but there were no alterations in their erythrocyte or leukocyte counts. The Borans became highly parasitaemic and developed severe, chronic anaemia and leukopaenia. Thus, the trypanotolerant N'Damas controlled a primary infection of T. congolense more efficiently than trypanosusceptible Boran cattle and eliminated a homologous rechallenge infection without the pathology associated with the disease.
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PMID:Susceptibility of N'Dama and Boran cattle to tsetse-transmitted primary and rechallenge infections with a homologous serodeme of Trypanosoma congolense. 192 66

Babesiosis was diagnosed in five 11- to 18-day old Greyhound pups. In 3 pups, Babesia canis organisms were identified by examination of a Wright's-Giemsa-stained smear of blood. In 2 pups, the diagnosis was established by examination of a splenic impression smear obtained at necropsy. Findings in the 3 clinical cases included depression, weakness, anorexia, pallor, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Subcutaneous administration of diminazene aceturate resulted in rapid clinical recovery in these cases. In the 2 pups that were necropsied, variable numbers of erythrocytes containing Babesia organisms were observed in the microvasculature of tissues. Subinoculation of blood into an intact dog and a splenectomized dog resulted in parasitemia and B canis serum titers, as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. A site visit to the kennel from which the pups had originated led to identification of numerous Rhipicephalus sanguineus in small buildings and pens. Of 107 dogs from this kennel that were tested, 63 had an indirect fluorescent antibody titer for B canis. A limited serologic survey of Greyhound kennels in West Virginia, Oklahoma, Texas, Mississippi, and Florida identified a large number of dogs with indirect fluorescent antibody titers for B canis.
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PMID:Babesiosis in the Greyhound. 685 21

Thirty-five cases of Babesia gibsoni infection and 11 cases of Babesia canis infection were diagnosed and treated in dogs at Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, between April 1979 and February 1980. Diagnosis was made by demonstrating the organisms in blood smears and by serologic examination, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Serologic findings correlated well with the occurrence of infection in mature dogs, but poorly in young (1- to 3-month-old) dogs. Although these 2 intraerythrocytic parasites were readily distinguishable on Giemsa-stained blood smears and by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the clinical syndromes were similar. Most dogs were anorectic and depressed and were found to have regenerative anemia. Of 37 dogs tested, 31 were Coomb's test-positive, and most of these became Coombs' test-negative after treatment and disappearance of clinical signs. Specific treatment consisted predominantly of the use of diminazene aceturate. Pentamidine isethionate also used. Although these drugs were effective in halting and reversing the clinical progression of the disease, they usually were ineffective in clearing the blood of B gibsoni organisms, and relapses commonly occurred. Both drugs appeared to be more effective against B canis. It was concluded that some of the several hundred dogs arriving in the United States annually from Okinawa are carriers of B gibsoni, a parasite only recently discovered in North America.
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PMID:Clinical observations on Babesia gibsoni and Babesia canis infections in dogs. 706 33

Treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in cattle is practical and effective when given early in the course of infection, before the onset of severe anemia or neurologic disorders. The tetracyclines (usually oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline) are the only effective specific compounds approved for use against anaplasmosis in the United States. Oxytetracycline, at the rate of 6.6 to 11 mg/kg of body weight given one to three times IM or IV, effectively moderates the course of infection. Chlortetracycline administered orally in dosages as small a 1.1 mg/kg will prevent infection and in dosages ranging from 2.2 to 11 mg/kg for 30 to 90 days will eliminate carrier infection. Babesiosis in cattle is effectively treated by a large number of babesiacidal compounds, but in practice, diminazene aceturate (3 to 5 mg/kg, IM), amicarbalide (5 to 10 mg/kg, IM), and imidocarb (1 to 3 mg/kg, IM) are most often used. However, none of these compounds is approved for use in treating babesiosis in cattle in the United States. Larger amounts of these compounds are usually required for the treatment of babesiosis in the horse and in the dog, and the elimination of babesiosis in these species is much more difficult than it is for babesiosis in cattle.
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PMID:Pharmacotherapeutics of drugs used in treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. 721 81

Three cows were repeatedly infected with different strains of Trypanosoma congolense and treated intramuscularly each time with a different dose of diminazene aceturate (Berenil). Biphasic decline was observed of the maximal plasma drug levels, which were attained at 15 min after the first treatment and at 30 min after the second and third treatments. The rate constants for the distribution and terminal phases depended on the period of exposure to parasitaemia of the animal at the time of treatment. Maximal diminazene aceturate residue levels were found in milk 8 h post treatment and declined biexponentially to 4.56 ng ml-1 and 8.76 ng ml-1 at 21 days post treatment after 3.5 mg kg-1 and 7.0 mg kg-1 doses, respectively. In the three cows, higher drug residues were found in the kidney (7.04, 3.92 and 7.99 micrograms g-1) than in liver (3.26, 2.87 and 1.24 micrograms g-1) and heart (1.79, 1.25 and 1.03 micrograms g-1). The results of this study indicate that the level of parasitaemia (degree of anaemia) in the animal at the time of treatment affects the distribution, disposition and elimination of diminazene aceturate in the animal. Furthermore, the residue level in milk after treatment depends on the treatment dose and could easily be bioavailable to the consumer.
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PMID:Disposition of diminazene aceturate (Berenil) in trypanosome-infected pregnant and lactating cows. 757 26

Twenty adult mongrel dogs of both sexes were used. Ten of the dogs were splenectomised and the remaining dogs were left intact. Five dogs each from the splenectomised and non-splenectomised (intact) animals were infected intravenously with Trypanosoma brucei brucei while the rest served as uninfected controls. All the infected dogs developed trypanosomosis between Days 4 and 8 postinfection. The packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, total red blood cell count and white blood cell count decreased progressively indicating anaemia and leucopenia. The absolute reticulocyte counts were increased. Splenectomy enhanced fever, reticulocytosis and parasitaemia but delayed the onset of anaemia and leucopenia. It also shortened the prepatent period of the infection. The treatment of the infected dogs with diminazene aceturate (Berenil at the dose rate of 7.0 mg kg-1 body weight on Day 21 postinfection cleared the parasites in blood within 24 h and resulted in complete reversal of all the haematological aberrations observed. Splenectomy did not enhance or inhibit the recovery rate in the animals after treatment.
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PMID:The effect of trypanocidal drug treatment on the haematological changes in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected splenectomised dogs. 829 Nov 94

Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by cytology and positive indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers to Leishmania donovani in a 7-month-old female Basenji dog from Texas. Clinical and laboratory findings included weight loss, hematochezia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis. Evidence of response to treatment with diminazene aceturate and ketoconazole included improvement in the abnormal clinical, hematologic, and biochemical findings, decreased serum globulin concentration and antibody titer to Leishmania donovani, and absence of organisms in examined tissues. Several foci of endemic leishmaniasis have been reported in the United States. Because of its zoonotic potential and the lack of approved treatments for dogs with leishmaniasis in the United States, the development of effective treatment strategies is needed.
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PMID:Endemic visceral leishmaniasis in a dog from Texas. 845 78

This study has indicated that differences in susceptibility to Trypanosoma congolense infection exist among the 3 main breeds of goats in Uganda namely, Kigezi, Mubende and Small East African (SEA). The Kigezi goats appeared to be the most susceptible suffering more severe anaemia, greater retardation of growth and more deaths than the other 2 breeds following experimental infection with Try-panosoma congolense. The Small East African goats appeared to be least susceptible. Following treatment after 84 days of infection, the SEA goats responded much better than the other 2 breeds. By 4 weeks after treatment with diminazene aceturate, the packed red cell volumes of the treated SEA goats were similar to those of control SEA goats while those of the Mubende and Kigezi goats were still much lower than those of control animals.
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PMID:Susceptibility of three breeds of Ugandan goats to experimental infection with Trypanosoma congolense. 909 9

The present study investigated the influence of supplementation with cotton seed cake on the resistance of the Small East African breed of goats to primary and secondary challenges with Trypanosoma congolense and on their response to chemotherapy with diminazene aceturate. The supplemented group received 300 g of cotton seed cake per day in addition to about 500 g of fresh napier grass which was available to the unsupplemented group. It was observed that the supplemented infected (SI) group tended to sustain higher intensities of parasitaemia than the unsupplemented infected (USI) group particularly during the primary challenge and both groups showed longer prepatent periods to secondary challenge than to primary challenge. Infection caused a significant reduction in the rate of live body weight gain in the USI group compared with the unsupplemented control (USC) group whilst the SI group grew at the same rate as the supplemented control (SC) group. This effect was observed both during primary and secondary challenges. Following primary challenge, both infected groups developed similar degrees of anaemia, but the packed red cell volume (PCV) levels in the SI group improved towards the end of the first challenge and were also significantly higher than those of the USI group during the second challenge. After treatments at 56 and 126 days after infection (DAI), the greatest response was observed in PCV values. The response of the SI group was superior to that of the USI group and by 4 weeks after treatment the PCV values of the SI and SC groups were similar while those of the USI group were significantly lower than those of the USC group. It is concluded that supplementation with cotton seed cake plays an important role in the rate of live weight gain, and rate of recovery from anaemia produced by trypanosome infection in goats.
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PMID:The influence of supplementation with cotton seed cake on the resistance of Ugandan goats to primary and secondary challenges with Trypanosoma congolense and on their response to treatment. 919 11


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