Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Red blood cell plasma membranes contain a number of enzymes: ATPases, anion transport protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, acetylcholinesterase. Most of them are tightly bound to the membrane and are present in small amounts. As a result, structural characterization of erythrocyte membrane enzymes has not yet been successful. Functional studies have, however, yielded a great deal of information. ATPases allow active transport of cations (calcium, sodium, potassium). Anion transport protein controls movements of chloride and phosphate ions, and of glucose and water. Among glycolytic enzymes: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is partially bound to the membrane. Protein kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of several membrane proteins, one of which (spectrin) is involved in red blood cell mechanical properties. The physiological role of adenylate cyclase is unknown. Acetylcholinesterase is an ectoenzyme. Calcium-dependent ATPase, adenylate cyclase and phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins have been found abnormal in various conditions: hereditary spherocytosis, sickle-cell anemia, progressive muscular dystrophies, all of these disorders being associated with a decreased deformability of the erythrocyte.
 ...
PMID:The enzymes of the red blood cell plasma membrane. 14 25

We studied a 57-year old woman with severe myasthenic syndrome predominantly proximal. There was no therapeutic effect using cholinesterase inhibitors. Clinical findings, electromyography, whole body scanning and biopsy revealed polymyositis. Thirteen years before the patient was operated of a benign thymoma. The history of the patient showed numerous life threatening episodes of viral and fungal infections. Autoimmune anemia was diagnosed. Investigations of the immune system in vivo and in vitro revealed severe qualitative and quantitative defects in the lymphocyte population spontaneously forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Thymoma, autoimmune disorder, such as polymyositis and myasthenia gravis, unspecifically elevated antibody titers, multiple severe viral and fungal infections and the defect of the cell-mediated immunity suggest a T-lymphocyte effector- and regulatory dysfunction in this patient.
 ...
PMID:Polymyositis, myasthenic syndrome and thymoma in a patient with defective cell-mediated immunity. 31 78

A 36-year-old white man was found to have low erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Plasma cholinesterase activity was normal. The propositus had mild anemia and moderate elliptocytosis, but was asymptomatic. A sister, brother, father, and nephew were hematologically normal, but had slightly subnormal red cell acetylcholinesterase activities. There was no exposure to organophosphates, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was excluded. Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate the absence of an activator or the presence of an inhibitor. The propositus enzyme showed normal kinetics for the substrate and various inhibitors, normal thermostability, and electophoretic migration. Major protein bands of the red cell membrane were normal by electrophoresis. Membrane cholesterol and phospholipid content were also normal. The mild anemia is presumably secondary to the presence of moderate elliptocytosis. The pattern of inheritance of the variant gene is unclear, but the propositus may be homozygous for the abnormal allele, and other family members may be heterozygous.
 ...
PMID:Hereditary deficiency of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. 54 20

This paper reports a study of changes in red blood cell enzymes and some serum parameters during and after treatment of protein-calorie malnutrition. The red cell GSH levels were low during the crisis, together with the levels of GSSG:NADPH reductase, GSH:H2O2 peroxidase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. After treatment the levels of all these enzymes increased significantly to normal values. Of the serum parameters investigated, significant reduction in the activity of the enzymes cholinesterase, catecholamine oxidase, total proteins, albumin, urea and electrolytes were obvious, and returned to normal values after treatment. Ceruloplasmin activity remained low even after three weeks' treatment and could not be related to copper levels. The results are discussed in relation to anemia and liver damage that may accompany the syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Protein-calorie malnutrition: a study of red blood cell and serum enzymes during and after crisis. 82 Apr 94

I present the general pattern relationship between (a) plasma fibrinogen and cholinesterase activity and (b) plasma fibrinogen and hemoglobin, in 250 and 310 hospitalized adults, respectively. Although responses of cholinesterase were often unrelated to fibrinogen, when its activity in plasma was depressed, above-normal fibrinogen concentrations were present in about 90% of the subjects. Further, despite the observed independence of hemoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations, whenever frank anemia was present (hemoglobin less than 110 to 120 g/liter), hyperfibrinogenemia was also present in about 75-85% of such anemic patients. Thus, these studies affirm that fibrinogen determination would be an appropriate component of tests on hospital admission and also that hyperfibrinogenemia is a very sensitive "acute phase" reactant, and an important reaction for gauging the course of numerous disorders.
 ...
PMID:Plasma fibrinogen, cholinesterase activity, and anemia: utility of fibrinogen in multiphasic screening and in assessing the activity of diseases. 84 70

A description is given of an outbreak of equine infectious anaemia (E.I.A.) in Campania [at Naples and Aversa (Caserta)]; it was diagnosed by clinical, pathological and serological examinations (Coggins test). Using the serum of 45 horses with E.I.A. and 11 healthy horses (controls), numerous investigations were carried out on: enzymes, intrinsic coagulation factors, lipids and other substances. The results obtained were very interesting and show that in this disease there are significant increases in many enzymes (LDH, LAP, gamma-GT, CPK, PK and ALD) and copper. Insignificant increases were found in other enzymes (SDH, GLDH, MDH, ICDH, AIP, lysozyme, cholinesterase, GOT and GPT) and also intrinsic coagulation factors, lipid substances (total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglycerides) and glucose. LDH-1-isoenzyme remains unchanged, whilst AcP decreases slightly.
 ...
PMID:Biochemical studies on equine infectious anaemia. 101 May 2

Experimental infection of hamsters with Leishmania donovani caused visceral leishmaniasis in which hematological changes occurred. The infected hamsters were anemic and reticulocyte counts were high. No significant change in the serum erythropoietin level was noted. Red cell membrane Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities increased. Osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes from infected animals increased. The level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of the red cells increased with the degree of anemia.
 ...
PMID:Anemia in experimental visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters. 131 Jul 31

Seventy-one male and 52 female F 344 rats with leukemia used as controls in the 30-month inhalation studies were characterized by hematological and clinico-biochemical findings. Hematological findings revealed that the leukocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased in both sexes of leukemic rats showing profound anemia, while the platelet count, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration decreased. In these rats, the serum levels of low density lipoprotein, free cholesterol, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and triglyceride and the activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase increased markedly and the level of high density lipoprotein, the oxygen partial pressure, and the cholinesterase activity decreased. Clinical signs such as decrease in redness of the eyes, decrease in body weight, abdominal distension, staining of the public region, and debility were seen in most leukemic animals. These clinical signs and hematological and clinico-biochemical findings may be helpful in diagnosis of leukemia in long-term experiments.
 ...
PMID:Hematological and clinico-biochemical characteristics of leukemia in Fischer 344 rats. 150 22

1. The relationship between red cell aging and enzyme activities was studied in rabbit, guinea-pig, hamster, rats (F344/N and SD), and mice (BALB/c and DBA/2). 2. The activities of six enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), hexokinase (Hx), glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were measured in the red cells of different ages which were obtained either by centrifugation or experimental anaemia. 3. Hx, AChE and GOT activities were much higher in younger red cells than in older cells, hence the activities of these enzymes may be used as an indicator of age of the cells.
 ...
PMID:The relationship between red cell aging and enzyme activities in experimental animals. 176 9

The Belgrade laboratory (b/b) rat has a hereditary hypochromic microcytic anemia because of defective transmembrane iron transport into erythroblasts. The present study was prompted by our previous work in which we showed that the b/b rat has hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia associated with increased megakaryocyte size. To define the basic mechanism underlying this abnormality in the b/b rat we have studied both megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis in anemic b/b rats, chronically transfused b/b rats, iron-treated b/b rats, and controls. We have found decreased concentrations of megakaryocyte and granulocyte progenitors in the marrow of b/b rats. Full correction of the severe anemia by chronic transfusion resulted in normalization of megakaryocyte progenitors, small acetylcholinesterase positive cells, megakaryocyte size, and platelet counts, along with granulocyte progenitors. In contrast, the partial correction of anemia obtained by iron treatment resulted in improvement, but not normalization, of these parameters. These findings indicate that abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis in the b/b rat can be best interpreted as a consequence of hypoxia because of the severe anemia. Because we have recently shown that the number of erythroid progenitors in b/b rats is also low, we propose that abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis in this animal is a reflection of an acquired stem cell disorder induced by the prolonged hypoxia resulting from the severe anemia.
 ...
PMID:Abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis in the Belgrade laboratory rat. 199 Nov 62


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>