Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Fanconi anaemia (FA), ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and Bloom disease (BS) are four rare autosomal recessive disorders in which there is defective DNA repair and/or chromosome instability and proneness to malignancy. Between 80 and 90% of patients with XP have a defect, demonstrable at cell level, of excision of DNA lesions induced by ultraviolet rays, while the remainder have a cellular error of post-replication repair. XP cells are also deficient in repairing DNA damage caused by a variety of chemical mutagens. There are at least five different complementation groups of the first, or classical, type of XP (A to D, etc.) Apparently group C patients, as well as those with defective post-replication repair, do not show the progressive neurological illness found in a proportion of the other patients. AT is heterogeneous clinically and genetically. Clinically it presents with a progressive neurological illness, progressive telangiectases and a developmental disorder of the thymus. AT is characterized by sensitivity to X-rays and AT cells are unable to repair gamma-ray-induced damage to bases in the DNA. It appears that in many cases of the disorder a chromosomally marked cellular clone is found. In BS the main defect, which results in growth retardation, sun-induced lesions of the face and susceptibility to infection, appears to be a slow DNA chain maturation during DNA synthesis. An increase of sister chromatid exchanges is characteristically seen in the chromosomes of cultured BS cells. In FA, in which there is progressive pancytopenia with eventual bone marrow exhaustion and a tendency to haemorrhage and infection, the cellular defect seems to consist of faulty removal of repair of cross-links in the DNA. In this condition, as in BS and AT, various structural chromosome changes are detected in cultured cells. Patients with XP develop skin cancers in early life and often maligant melanomas. In the other three disorders, in which an immune deficiency is often present, leukaemia and related proliferative disorders are a frequent cause of death while other malignancies also occur. There is some evidence that points to an increased risk of malignancy in heterozygotes who carry the FA and AT genes.
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PMID:DNA repair defects and chromosome instability disorders. 25 77

Knowledge of disturbancies of iron utilization has been considerably extended by histochemical-ultrastructural findings and the results of immunoradiometric assays for serum ferritin. -- In chronic anaemia due to infections or neoplastic diseases hyposideraemia and normal unsaturated iron binding capacity were associated with increased iron retention in macrophages and slightly to highly increased serum ferritin (500--4000 ng/ml). -- 117 patients with sideroblastic anaemia formed a heterogenous group of diverse aetiology. The iron granules of ringed sideroblasts contained nonferritin iron in mitochondria. At diagnosis, a normal iron status was found in single cases. More frequently, praelatent and latent iron overload with ferritin levels up to more than 2000 ng/ml were observed. Manifest iron overload with tissue damage was mostly the result of numerous transfusions (ferritin 4700 bis 9500 ng/ml). -- After i.v. application of colloidal iron endothelial siderosis was a regular finding. The typical uniform granules representing nonferritin-iron in lysosomes disappeared in the course of 1--3 years completely. In contrast, the colloidal iron taken up simultaneously by the macrophages was rapidly transformed into ferritin and easily used up for haemoglobin synthesis when required. The corresponding increase of serum ferritin up to maximal 4000 mg/ml was dose related. Continued blood losses lead to residual endothelial siderosis after exhaustion of macrophageal iron and recurrence of iron deficiency anaemia. The serum ferritin fell to low levels (0--12 ng/ml) as observed in untreated cases.
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PMID:[Disturbancies of iron utilization: chronic anaemia, sideroblastic anaemia, and residual endothelial siderosis (author's transl)]. 73 33

Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang (Ten Significant Tonic Decoction), or SQT (Juzentaihoto, TJ-48) was formulated by Taiping Hui-Min Ju (Public Welfare Pharmacy Bureau) in Chinese Song Dynasty in AD 1200. It is prepared by extracting a mixture of ten medical herbs (Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Liqusticum wallichii, Angelica sinesis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Poria cocos, Atractylodes macrocephala, Panax ginseng. Astragalus membranaceus and Cinnamomum cassia) that tone the blood and vital energy, and strengthen health and immunity. This potent and popular prescription has traditionally been used against anemia, anorexia, extreme exhaustion, fatigue, kidney and spleen insufficiency and general weakness, particularly after illness. In order to restore immunity in cancer patients, potentiate the therapeutic effect and ameliorate adverse toxicity of anticancer agents, 116 Chinese herbal formularies (Kampo) have been screened and evaluated. Fifteen compounds were found to have such actions. Among these, SQT was selected as the most effective as a potent biological response modifier. During the last eight years, animal models and clinical studies have revealed that SQT demonstrates extremely low toxicity (LD50 > 15 g/kg op murine), self-regulatory and synergistic actions of its components in immunomodulatory and immunopotentiating effects (by stimulating hemopoietic factors and interleukins production in association with NK cells, etc.), potentiates therapeutic activity in chemotherapy (mitomycin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil) and radiotherapy, inhibits the recurrence of malignancies, prolongs survival, as well as ameliorate and/or prevents adverse toxicities (GI disturbances such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hematotoxicity, immunosuppression, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia and nephropathy, etc.) of many anticancer drugs. The application and mechanistic studies of SQT in future development have potential importance in basic and clinical research of the traditional Chinese therapeutic approach of "toning the blood and strengthening Qi (vital energy)" in cancer immunotherapy.
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PMID:Shi-quan-da-bu-tang (ten significant tonic decoction), SQT. A potent Chinese biological response modifier in cancer immunotherapy, potentiation and detoxification of anticancer drugs. 129 61

The influences of iron deficiency on erythrocyte spanning membrane proteins, band 3 protein and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, were studied in the growing rats with iron deficient anemia. The main findings were (1) reduction of band 3 and increment of band 4.1 protein. (2) diminished rate constant of pyruvate-chloride exchange (Kp:Cl.h-1) of the erythrocytes and (3) significant decrease of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity only at the early stage of iron exhaustion. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between Kp:Cl.h-1 and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity both in iron deficient rats and in the controls. It is suggested that the composition and function of the erythrocyte spanning-membrane proteins for ion exchange could be affected by iron deficiency.
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PMID:Abnormalities of ion-exchange proteins of the red cell membrane in iron deficiency anemia. 131 72

500,000 women die each year in pregnancy and childbirth, of which 100,000-200,000 are estimated to be the result of a poorly performed abortion. Inadequate abortion techniques also contribute to future reproductive problems. 40-60 million legal and illegal abortions are estimated to be performed annually. Latin American estimates of maternal deaths from illegal abortion amount to 50%. Recent evidence from urban areas in Africa shows a current problem with illegal abortion where none existed 10 years ago. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies is key to reducing legal and illegal abortions and maternal mortality. Pregnancy is a risk for younger women, older, high-parity women, and women with short birth intervals. Many cultural norms and values promote early marriage and pregnancy soon after marriage. Some societies have ambivalent attitudes toward adolescent sexuality. Cultural taboos and religious beliefs contribute to a lack of understanding of reproductive health among young people and families. The consequences are particularly important in the context of HIV infection and AIDS. The problems of older women are exacerbated by health systems which ignore their health needs, i.e., unavailability of suitable contraceptives. Low-birth-weight babies and anemia are caused by exhaustion from constant pregnancy, particularly at young ages. Promotion of breast feeding and the availability of appropriate contraceptives for birth spacing are needed. Midwives are often unaware of the problems associated with unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion, i.e., morbidity and mortality. Birth spacing information needs to be provided in pre- and post-natal care. Midwives also may not be trained or allowed to provide triage for incomplete or septic abortion. The public health system has failed to provide acceptable methods of birth control. Education and regulatory processes are needed to allow midwives to provide contraceptives.
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PMID:Abortion: its contribution to maternal mortality. 159 87

A three-month oral subacute toxicity study of mofezolac (N-22), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was performed using dose levels of 6, 20, 60 and 200 mg/kg in rats, and recovery was also assessed one month after withdrawal. 1. Toxic signs caused by N-22 administration, observed only in the 200 mg/kg group, were as follows: soiling around the mouth and/or nose, piloerection, anemia, diarrhea, emaciation and decreased spontaneous locomotor activity. Nine males and thirteen females in the 200 mg/kg group excreted bloody diarrhea and died of general exhaustion between weeks four and thirteen of study. 2. In the 200 mg/kg group, decrease in food consumption and suppression of body weight gain were noted in males from about week four and in females from about week six after initiation of administration, and increase in water consumption was noted in males from about week seven. 3. Urinary examination revealed a decline in urinary pH in males of the 20 mg/kg and above groups and elevation of urobilinogen levels in males of the 60 and 200 mg/kg groups. 4. Hematological examination showed decreases in erythrocyte count (RBC), hematocrit value (Ht) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and increase in reticulocyte rate in both sexes of the 200 mg/kg group and an increase in neutrophil rate in males of the 200 mg/kg group. 5. Biochemical examination demonstrated a decrease in chloride (Cl-) in males receiving the 20 mg/kg or above doses and a decrease in calcium (Ca++) in males of the 60 and 200 mg/kg groups. Moreover, there were decreases in cholinesterase (ChE) activity, total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) values, as well as increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA) and potassium (K+) in both sexes of the 200 mg/kg group, along with elevations in GOT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in females of the 200 mg/kg group. 6. The absolute and/or relative organ weights for liver, kidneys, spleen and adrenals were increased in the 200 mg/kg group. 7. On pathological examination, perforating ulceration in the jejunum and ileum, turbid ascites, adhesion and inflammatory changes in capsules of the abdominal organs, splenomegaly, mesenteric lymph node hyperplasia and inflammatory changes in the thoracic cavity were observed in dead animals of the 200 mg/kg group. Similar pathological changes were observed in a few survival cases of the 200 mg/kg group. 8. After a one month recovery period, the above-mentioned changes had mostly recovered, indicating that they were reversible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Three-month oral subacute toxicity study of mofezolac (N-22) in rats]. 223 86

Mofezolac (N-22) is a new developed analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. A subacute oral toxicity test of N-22 was carried out at dose-levels of 0, 2, 6 and 20 mg/kg/day using male and female beagle dogs. Treatment for 3 months was followed by 1 month recovery period except in the case of both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day. The results obtained from the present study were as follows. 1. Observation of general conditions revealed vomiting, sporadic bloody feces, anemia, recumbency and hyposthenia in both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day. Anemia or erosion of tongue was observed in each female receiving 6 mg/kg/day. 2. Respectively 3 dogs of both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day died during dosing period. In these animals, perforating ulcers were observed in the pars pylorica ventriculi or duodenum, and loss of blood, peritonitis and aggravation of general exhaustion were considered as causes of death. 3. Body weight tended to decrease in both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day, and food and water consumption levels decreased in males receiving 2 mg/kg/day or above and females receiving 2 mg/kg/day. 4. Urinalysis demonstrated an increasing tendency for specific gravity of urine and a decreasing tendency for urine volume in males receiving 2 mg/kg/day or above. 5. Hematological examination showed decreases in red blood cell count and Hb concentration in males receiving 2 mg/kg/day or above, and in Ht values in males receiving 6 mg/kg/day or above. 6. Serum biochemical examination revealed decreases in total protein and albumin in both sexes receiving 20 mg/kg/day. 7. There were no remarkable changes in hepatic and renal function, ophthalmological findings or electrocardiogram. 8. In the organ weights, significant decrease in thymus weights was observed in the dead animals receiving 20 mg/kg/day. 9. Pathologically, the dead animals receiving 20 mg/kg/day were found to exhibit peritonitis with perforating ulcers in the pars pylorica ventriculi or duodenum. In the surviving animals of this group, scar ulcers in the pars pylorica ventriculi and small intestine were evident on necropsy, and histopathology revealed neutrophils infiltration and thrombosis in blood vessels in the thickened submucosal stomach tissues. Moreover, localized hepatocyte necrosis and intrasinusoidal cellular infiltration in liver, as well as interstitial cellular infiltration, degeneration and dilatation of the renal tubules in the kidney were observed. In females receiving 6 mg/kg/day, the changes in kidney were similar to those in surviving animals receiving 20 mg/kg/day, and male of the group showed atrophy of thymus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Three-month subacute oral toxicity study of mofezolac (N-22) in dogs]. 223 95

Bio-availability and therapeutic efficacy of two oral ferrous preparations in the form of effervescent tablets (A and A*) were compared. In a randomly controlled trial, postabsorption rise of serum iron was compared intraindividually after oral intake of the effervescent tablets and of an optimally bio-available ferrous ascorbate standard solution (80.5 mg). Afterwards the therapeutic efficacy of both preparations (161 mg daily) was compared with a proprietary iron preparation (B: 150 mg daily) for three months. The trial was conducted on 24 male subjects (aged 20-38 years) who underwent weekly phlebotomies of 500 ml until exhaustion of body iron reserves and development of a mild iron-deficiency anaemia (standard phlebotomy protocol). Relative bioavailability, related to the standard iron solution, was 89% and 104%, respectively, for tablets A and A*. The rise in haemoglobin and ferritin during the three-months treatment was relatively the same for all three preparations: the average daily haemoglobin rise (means +/- SD) was 1.4 +/- 0.5 g/l (A), 1.5 +/- 0.4 g/l (A*) and 1.2 +/- 0.5 g/l (B), respectively, the differences not being statistically significant.
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PMID:[Oral iron therapy. Bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness of ferrous iron in effervescent tablets in posthemorrhagic iron deficiency anemia]. 266 80

Juzen-taiho-to (TJ-48) is prepared by extracting a mixture of ten kinds of medicinal plants. This prescription has long been used traditionally against anemia, anorexia, extreme exhaustion and fatigue. TJ-48 may now provide new advantages with little toxicity in combination with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and promising results have actually been obtained in terms of preventing leukemia in cancer patients who have taken antitumor agents. The combination of TJ-48 and mitomycin C (MMC) produced significantly longer survival in p-388 tumor-bearing mice than MMC alone, and TJ-48 decreased the diverse effects of MMC such as leukopenia, thrombopenia and weight loss. However, mechanisms of the pharmacological action are still unclear. One of the possible mechanisms of the action of TJ-48 may be some effects on immune responses. Therefore we studied the effects of TJ-48 on immune response in mice and characterization of immunologically active substances. TJ-48 augmented antibody production and activated macrophage by oral administration of TJ-48, but reduced the MMC-induced immunosuppression in mice. TJ-48 showed a mitogenic activity in splenocytes but not in thymocytes, and an anti-complementary activity was also observed. Anti-complementary activity and mitogenic activity were both observed in high-molecular polysaccharide fraction but not in low-molecular weight fraction. Of several polysaccharide fractions in TJ-48, only pectic polysaccharide fraction (F-5-2) showed potent mitogenic activity. F-5-2 was also shown to have the highest anti-complementary activity. However, the polygalacturonan region is essential for the expression of the mitogenic activity, but that the contribution of poly-galacturonan region to the anti-complementary activity is less. F-5-2 activates complement via alternative complement pathway and induces the proliferation of B cells but does not differentiate those cells from antibody producing cells.
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PMID:[Chemical characterization and biological activity of the immunologically active substances in Juzen-taiho-to (Japanese kampo prescription)]. 278 80

We used endurance training and acute anemia to assess the interactions among maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), muscle oxidative capacity, and exercise endurance in rats. Animals were evaluated under four conditions: untrained and endurance-trained with each group subdivided into anemic (animals with reduced hemoglobin concentrations) and control (animals with unchanged hemoglobin concentrations). Anemia was induced by isovolemic plasma exchange transfusion. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were decreased by 38 and 41%, respectively. Whole body VO2max was decreased by 18% by anemia regardless of training condition. Anemia significantly reduced endurance by 78% in untrained rats but only 39% in trained animals. Endurance training resulted in a 10% increase in VO2max, a 75% increase in the distance run to exhaustion, and 35, 45, and 58% increases in skeletal muscle pyruvate-malate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and palmitylcarnitine oxidase activities, respectively. We conclude that endurance is related to the interactive effects of whole body VO2max and muscle oxidative capacities for the following reasons: 1) anemic untrained and trained animals had similar VO2max but trained rats had higher muscle oxidative capacities and greater endurance; 2) regardless of training status, the effect of acute anemia was to decrease VO2max and endurance; and 3) trained anemic rats had lower VO2max but had greater muscle oxidative capacity and greater endurance than untrained controls.
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PMID:Interactive effects of anemia and muscle oxidative capacity on exercise endurance. 279 78


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