Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the future health of a nation depends largely on the health care provided for mothers and infants, little emphasis is placed on maternal and child health (MCH) care in the health programs of most countries. In some developing countries up to 70% of women fail to receive any form of health care during pregnancy and childbirth, and the newborns are left to the care of their mothers. Even in developed countries there are pockets of population which remain untouched by such programs. In Singapore, increased literacy, greater health consciousness, and a successful family planning program have contributed to a decline in the crude birth rate from 42.7 to 16.9 between 1967-78 and a decrease in the mean birth order to 1.75. Maternal mortality rates, like infant and perinatal mortality rates, vary widely in different countries and within countries, and leave room for improvement almost everywhere. Childbrith remains the main cause of death in women aged 14-45 years in the developing world, where anemia and intercurrent infections contribute to obstetric complications. Nearly 1 billion people in the developing world are trapped in a vicious circle of poverty, malnutrition, disease and despair. There are 4 major reasons for the failure of countries to provide MCH care: 1) shortage of resources 2) maldistribution of existing manpower 3) poor utilization of existing facilities, and 4) inadequate or inappropriate training of health manpower. Because of perceived health manpower shortages, 493 new medical schools were established throughout the world between 1955-75, 350 of them in developing countries. 608 of the world's 1124 medical schools are now in developing countries, but despite the effort and money invested, the ratio of physicians to population has not imporved significantly and the gross maldistribution of available health personnel within countries continues. The total health manpower available is 1/130 population in developed countries, 1/500 in developing countries, and 1/2400 in the least developed countries. Migration of physicians has aggravated the shortage in some countries. The infant mortality rate in most developing countries ranges from nearly 100 to 200/1000, compared to 10-20 in developed countries. Malnutrition, infectious diseases, and high fertility are 3 major causes of high infant and child mortality. Community participation is crucial if MCH care is to be available to rural communities. Health care should become a part of the total socioeconomic development of a country. All existing health personnel including traditional practitioners should be utilized and, if necessary, retrained. Training should be objective and task of oriented.
 ...
PMID:Health care for all mothers and infants by 2000 AD. 659 73

The WHO defines adolescence as a transition phase from the state of dependency to that of relative autonomy. Adolescence in Brazil has been in the limelight apart from the physical and psychological implications because of its cultural ramifications. In the past century the 12-18 age group in Brazil was considered suitable for marriage and early procreation because later age at marriage could thwart their chance for marriage. The urbanized middle classes devoted the age range of 12-20 years to education when children depended economically on their parents. On the other hand, those in the lower strata of society cannot follow this life pattern, especially in recent years because of severe economic conditions. There are also significant differences with respect to adolescent pregnancy between middle and lower class populations. Among risk factors for adolescent pregnancy, age is a factor because of pregnancy complications owing to lack of prenatal care, complications of delivery, anemia, hemorrhage, and cephalo-pelvic disproportion. National and foreign studies have analyzed the attendant difficulties: fear, insecurity, despair, and disorientation at the time of discovering the fact of pregnancy. A 1992 investigation interviewed health professionals who cared for adolescents in Sao Paulo. The major conclusion was that the attitudes of adolescents had been studied very little in regard to their desires and dilemmas when facing motherhood. Adolescents aged 17-19 often referred to pregnancy as a burden, since they had to leave school temporarily. A University of Minnesota specialist in adolescent health wrote in 1992 that American adolescents who get pregnant do not want to get married, nor get an abortion, and they do not use contraceptives. Pregnancy among 15-year-old girls is on the rise. Only 40% of married adults stay married, only 10% of those who got married at age 17 stay married, and at the age of 18 years 25% of women get pregnant.
 ...
PMID:[Adolescent pregnancy and discussion of risk]. 1229 38

Fatigue is a common and distressing symptom that is a concern for cancer patients, their families, carers and health professionals. Cancer-related fatigue is a multidimensional phenomenon that is self-perceived and includes physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural components. It can be unrelenting, disrupts daily life, fosters helplessness and may culminate in despair. The many causes of cancer-related fatigue stem from the disease itself, the cancer treatments and their side effects. The conclusion from a recent critical review of research evidence is that physical exercise and the treatment of underlying problems, such as anaemia or clinical depression, are effective interventions. However, a wide range of practical interventions and complementary therapies are likely to be helpful such as: acupressure and acupuncture, stress management and relaxation, energy conservation measures, anticipatory guidance and preparatory information, and attention-restoring activities. This article will provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge surrounding cancer-related fatigue and the nursing interventions that can be implemented in community practice.
 ...
PMID:Cancer-related fatigue: a review of nursing interventions. 2045 21