Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Increasing drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and a resurgence of malaria in tropical areas have effected a change in treatment of malaria in the last two decades. Symptoms of malaria are fever, chills, headache, and malaise. The prognosis worsens as the parasite counts, counts of mature parasites, and counts of neutrophils containing pigment increase. Treatment depends on severity, age of patient, degree of background immunity, likely pattern of susceptibility to antimalarial drugs, and the cost and availability of drugs. Chloroquine should be used for P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. P. vivax has shown high resistance to chloroquine in Oceania, however. Primaquine may be needed to treat P. vivax and P. ovale to rid the body of hypnozoites that survive in the liver. Chloroquine can treat P. falciparum infections acquired in North Africa, Central America north of the Panama Canal, Haiti, or the Middle East but not in most of Africa and some parts of Asia and South America. In areas of low grade resistance to chloroquine, amodiaquine can be used to effectively treat falciparum malaria. A combination of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is responsive to falciparum infections with high grade resistance to chloroquine. Mefloquine, halofantrine, or quinine with tetracycline can be used to treat multidrug-resistant P. falciparum. Derivatives of artemisinin obtained from qinghao or sweet wormwood developed as pharmaceuticals in China are the most rapidly acting of all antimalarial drugs. Children tend to tolerate antimalarial drugs well. Children who weigh less than 15 kg should not be given mefloquine. Health workers should not prescribe primaquine to pregnant women or newborns due to the risk of hemolysis. Chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, quinine, and quinidine can be safely given in therapeutic doses throughout pregnancy. Clinical manifestations of severe malaria are hypoglycemia, convulsions, severe anemia, acute renal failure, jaundice, pulmonary edema, cerebral malaria, shock, and acidosis. Health workers should be prepared to treat these symptoms accordingly.
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PMID:The treatment of malaria. 904 53

In order to evaluate recurrent attack of rheumatic fever (RARF) in patients with rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 97 patients with diagnosis of RHD for two years and more were included in this study. Progression of the lesions of cardiac valves was found in every case by comparing the echocardiographic and Doppler findings at present and two years ago. The history of the initial attack of acute rheumatic fever or the appearance of RHD were reviewed. The present complaints at admission and necessary laboratory procedures were studied. The data showed that 75 of the 97 patients had history of initial attack of ARF and the remaining 22 were symptomless with indolent carditis or carditis of insidious onset two years ago. In this admission, only 25 of the 97 patients had ARF in the Jones criteria were followed strictly, while the remaining 72 did not fulfill the criteria. It is suggested that if there is evidence of recent group a streptococcal infection, the conditions for diagnosis of RARF are as follows: 1) When one major or more than two minor criteria are present in a patient with RHD, a definite diagnosis of RARF may be made. 2) A presumptive diagnosis of RARF may be made, when a patient presents one minor criteria and several other manifestations such as anemia, abdominal pain, rapid sleeping pulse rate, tachycardia out of proportion to fever, malaise, epistaxis, precordial pain and an elevated level of IgG, IgA, C3 and circulating immune complexes.
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PMID:[An approach to the diagnosis of recurrent attack of rheumatic fever in patients with rheumatic heart disease]. 873 32

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is an uncommon benign neoplasm of uncertain etiology that classically has been associated with the lung, where it is generally asymptomatic. In recent years, IPT has been increasingly recognized in other sites. Hepatic, abdominal, and pelvic IPTs produce a spectrum of nonspecific symptoms including fever, malaise, anemia, and weight loss. Because prolonged fever is a prominent feature of extrapulmonary IPT, patients with this condition may first come to the attention of specialists in infectious diseases. We describe an illustrative case of pelvic IPT and discuss its presentation, diagnosis, and treatment; we also suggest that infectious disease specialists should be familiar with this entity as a possible diagnosis for patients with fever of unknown origin.
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PMID:Inflammatory pseudotumor presenting as fever of unknown origin. 874 42

Severe anemia and intraerythrocytic stages of an unusual Plasmodium sp. were identified in the blood of a 5-month-old female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) that had a 4-week history of malaise. Examination of blood taken 3 days prior to the death of the bird revealed a packed cell volume of 10%. Erythrocytes showed a marked regenerative response. Approximately 4% of erythrocytes had intracytoplasmic inclusions, mainly within immature cells, resembling malarial parasites. The schizonts were a combination of the Haemamoeba and Huffia subgenera type with 8-16 merozoites in mature forms. The gametoctyes were elongate. The abnormal morphology was probably a reflection of a new host-parasite relationship. Exoerythrocytic parasite stages were not identified at necropsy. The anemia was tentatively attributed to the Plasmodium infection.
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PMID:Malaria in a captive emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) from Florida. 879 Sep 3

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an uncommon variant of chronic pyelonephritis that predominantly affects middle-aged women. Patients usually present with fever, back or flank pain, flank mass, and the constitutional symptoms of fatigue, malaise, weight loss, and anorexia. Rarely, they may present with a draining sinus. There is usually a history of urinary tract infection, obstruction, or instrumentation. Other abnormalities include anemia, leukocytosis, abnormal liver enzymes, pyuria, and hematuria. Mild azotemia may be present, but frank renal failure is rare. Urine and renal tissue cultures are frequently positive. The most commonly isolated bacterial pathogens are P. mirabilis and E. coli, but other organisms have also been implicated. A CT scan is the best radiologic imaging technique to discover the extent of inflammation as well as any involvement of adjacent structures. Lipid-laden macrophages called xanthoma cells characterize the disease at the microscopic level. Nephrectomy is curative. Careful preoperative evaluation will guide surgical planning in choosing an approach that provides adequate exposure of the affected tissue and facilitates subsequent care of the patient.
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PMID:A middle-aged woman with back and flank pain. 881 29

Human ehrlichiosis is a newly emergent, tick-borne, zoonotic infection caused by members of the genus Ehrlichia. These rickettsia-like, obligate intracellular, gram-negative bacteria produce two similar yet distinct diseases. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by an organism closely related to Ehrlichia equi. The most common initial clinical findings include fever, malaise, myalgia, headaches and rigors, while the most common laboratory findings are thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia and elevated liver enzyme levels. Both diseases can produce intracytoplasmic morulae, in either monocytes or neutrophils, which may be visible on Wright-stained peripheral smears. Treatment consists of tetracycline or doxycycline. Rifampin or chloramphenicol can be tried when tetracycline is absolutely contraindicated. Treatment should never be delayed pending serologic or polymerase chain reaction confirmation of the diagnosis because of the 5 to 10 percent mortality rate.
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PMID:Human ehrlichiosis. 890 Mar 57

We report a case of severe oxidative hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis in a patient with sickle cell trait and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. The patient was a 34-year-old black man admitted 24 hours after vigorous exercise with myalgias, malaise, myoglobinuria, anemia, low haptoglobin, and a peripheral blood smear with bite cells consistent with oxidative hemolysis. He had two similar episodes within 21 months of the initial admission. Subsequent evaluation resulted in the diagnosis of sickle cell trait and G6PD deficiency; muscle enzyme levels were normal. G6PD deficiency and sickle cell trait can be expected to occur simultaneously in up to 1% of black males. A second red blood cell defect should be considered when severe hemolysis is seen in a person with sickle cell trait.
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PMID:Rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis associated with sickle cell trait and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. 890 96

We refer in the present article, the first case found in our laboratory of Monoclonal gammapathy of the IgD type. A 47-year-old man presented at the emergency department with a history of malaise, lethargy, tiredness, thirstiness and obscure depositions. Clinical examination revealed a normocytic anaemia. The plasma urea was 423 mg/dl and the plasma creatinine was 15, 3 mg/dl. He was admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of acute renal failure. The later electrophoresis in serum revealed a little monoclonal band that was identified as IgD-lambda type by immunofixation electrophoresis. In urine electrophoresis was observed a beta-band. Bone marrow biopsy revealed a 20% of plasmocytic cells. Renal biopsy was compatible with myelomatose lesions. Osteolytic lesions were observed.
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PMID:[A case of monoclonal gammapathy type IgD]. 901 14

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has a broad spectrum of biological activities, which include stimulation of hemopoiesis, especially thrombopoiesis, of the immune response, proliferation of mesangium cells, and induction of acute-phase proteins in the liver. Therefore, the therapeutic use of IL-6 for any specific clinical indication, e.g., stimulation of thrombopoiesis in severe thrombocytopenia, may be complicated by nonspecific effects. Preclinical experimental investigations of the safety evaluation performed in primates and rodents showed that rhIL-6 is well tolerated. A two- to three-fold increase in thrombocyte counts was observed along with an increase in acute-phase proteins and immunostimulation in the absence of target organ toxicity. Patients receiving rhIL-6, however, had a vigorous acute-phase response, with fever, anemia, and general malaise. Importantly, rhIL-6 administration did not cause mesangioproliferative nephritis or an uncontrolled lymphoproliferation as predicted from IL-6 transgenic mice. Although preclinical investigations are in general quite predictive for humans, safety data should be extrapolated carefully, since important quantitative differences may occur.
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PMID:Extrapolation of experimental safety data to humans: the interleukin-6 case. 907 24

The effect of oral etoposide on CA-125 serum levels was evaluated in 17 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and progressive disease during, or relapsing after, prior chemotherapy. Only three patients had measurable lesions at extraperitoneal sites. Five had no measurable lesions. The oral etoposide dose was 50 mg b.d. for 7 days every 3 weeks, escalating to 10 or 14 days and continued until clinical progression. CA-125 after 4 courses was compared to baseline (CA-125 ratio). The rate of change of CA-125 (s, slope of the exponential regression curve) during the first 4 courses was compared to s over a similar period before treatment. One patient had a clinical partial response. Two other patients had a biochemical response (CA-125 ratio <0.5). Although the biochemical response rate was modest (12.5%), a decrease of s was observed in 14/16 patients (P = 0.02). The mean change of s represented an increase of mean doubling time from 52 to 693 days. No patients were withdrawn because of toxicity. General malaise, nausea, diarrhea, and anemia were the most important side effects. At the given dose schedule, oral etoposide shows activity in advanced ovarian cancer if the rate of change of CA-125 is used as a measure of activity.
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PMID:Effect of low-dose oral etoposide on serum CA-125 in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. 926 62


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