Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 47-year-old male patient was admitted because of anemia. He had been diagnosed as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Follicular mixed, B cell type, stage ISA) by splenectomy two years before. Bone marrow examination on admission revealed lymphoma cell infiltration and marked decrease in erythroid cells. These findings confirmed relapsed lymphoma with acquired pure red cell aplasia. After several courses of combination chemotherapy, lymphoma cells disappeared from bone marrow, but PRCA was not improved. In this case there were two times remission of PRCA. At first time, acute B type hepatitis occurred during the chemotherapy, anemia improved transiently. At the second time, mild acute hepatitis associated with herpes zoster occurred. Twenty days after hepatic injury, PRCA was improved, and continued in remission state till present day. To disclose the mechanism of PRCA in this case, erythroid colony assay of marrow cells was performed. This showed the presence of inhibitory factor in patient's serum at PRCA state, that was considered to be related to the occurrence of PRCA. These findings suggest that the improvement of PRCA was associated with the changes on immunological condition after acute hepatitis in this case.
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PMID:[Acquired pure red cell aplasia associated with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case report-improvement of PRCA after acute hepatitis]. 959 96

The emergence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in Canada and Scotland and frequent new outbreaks of the disease in Norway strongly suggest that there are natural reservoirs for the virus. The main host for the ISA virus is probably a fish occurring in the coastal area, most likely a salmonid fish. Since sea trout is an abundant species along the Norwegian coast, common in areas where ISA outbreaks occur, and possibly a life-long carrier of the ISA virus, a study was initiated to evaluate reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for diagnosis of the virus in experimentally infected trout. Several tissues (kidney, spleen, heart and skin) were collected from the trout during a 135 d period. The following diagnostic methods for detection of the ISA virus were compared: cell culture (Atlantic Salmon Kidney, ASK cells), challenge of disease-free salmon with blood from the infected trout, and RT-PCR. The RT-PCR was the most sensitive of these methods. With the help of this technique it was possible to pick out positive individuals throughout the experimental period of 135 d. Challenge of disease-free salmon were more sensitive than cell culture (ASK cells). These 2 latter methods require use of the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) or RT-PCR for verification of presence of ISA virus.
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PMID:Use of RT-PCR for diagnosis of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in carrier sea trout Salmo trutta after experimental infection. 1078 58

An in situ hybridisation method was developed to detect infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in fixed tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Three DNA probes detected ISAV in heart, liver, kidney, spleen, caeca, and mid-gut from infected farmed Atlantic salmon obtained from a natural outbreak of ISA. The strongest signals were obtained using Probe S8, from Segment 8 of ISAV. Hybridisation was most prominent in the endothelial cells of heart tissue. The probes reacted specifically with ISAV; no hybridisation was evident in uninfected tissues from Atlantic salmon. Importantly, the probes did not cross react with the pathogens IHNV (haematopoietic necrosis virus), IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus), SPDV (salmon pancreas disease virus) and VHSV (viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus).
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PMID:Detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) by in situ hybridisation. 1218 Jul

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), a pathogen in marine aquaculture, belongs to the genus Isavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. There is limited information on how ISAV interacts with host defences. To study ISAV-antibody interactions, virus neutralization (VN) assays were performed in the cell lines CHSE-214, SHK-1 and TO using three strains of ISAV and rabbit or fish anti-ISAV sera. Homologous VN titres of >1 : 1280 in CHSE-214 cells corresponded to titres of only 1 : 80 in the macrophage-like fish cell lines SHK-1 and TO, despite using 1000 and 2000 times less virus, respectively. However, rabbit antiserum to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) had a VN titre of 1 : 10,260 against IPNV in both CHSE-214 and TO cells. Poor ISAV neutralization in TO cells was attributed to Fc receptors mediating virus infectivity, because (1) neutralization by rabbit antiserum to ISAV was increased 48-fold in the presence of staphylococcal Protein A and (2) when using FITC-labelled virus and spectrofluorometry, a significant increase (P=0.018) in the intensity of fluorescence of intracellular virus was observed in assays of virus-antiserum mixtures in the absence of Protein A as compared to those in the presence of Protein A. Neutralization of ISAV with fish antisera was observed only in CHSE-214 cells, as Protein A could not restore neutralization in TO cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time antibody-mediated infection of macrophage-like fish cell lines by a fish virus, ISAV, and, as ISAV in Atlantic salmon targets leukocytic and endothelial cells, this may have implications for ISA pathogenesis and vaccination.
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PMID:Antibody-mediated growth of infectious salmon anaemia virus in macrophage-like fish cell lines. 1281 Aug 63

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is an aquatic orthomyxovirus causing a multisystemic disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) where disease development, clinical signs, and histopathology vary to a large extent. Here, an experimental trial was designed to determine the effect of variation in viral genes on virus-host interactions, as measured by disease susceptibility and immune responses. The fish were infected using cohabitant transmission, representing a natural route of infection. Variation caused by host factors was minimized using MHC compatible A. salmon half-siblings as experimental fish. Virus isolates were selected according to HE genotype, as European ISAV isolates can be genotyped according to deletion patterns in their hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) surface glycoprotein, and the course of disease they typically induce, classified as acute versus protracted. The different ISAV isolates induced large variations in death prevalence, ranging from 0-47% in the test-group and 3-75% in the cohabitant fish. The use of MHC compatible experimental fish made it possible to determine the relative contribution of humoral versus cellular response in protection against ISA. Ability to induce a strong proliferative response correlated with survival and virus clearance, while induction of a humoral response was less protective.
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PMID:Susceptibility and immune responses following experimental infection of MHC compatible Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with different infectious salmon anaemia virus isolates. 1601 84

Studies of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), an important pathogen of farmed salmon in Norway, Scotland, the Faeroe Islands, Ireland, Canada, the USA and Chile, suggest that natural reservoirs for this virus can be found on both sides of the North Atlantic. Based on existing information about ISAV it is believed to be maintained in wild populations of trout and salmon in Europe. It has further been suggested that ISAV is transmitted between wild hosts, mainly during their freshwater spawning phase in rivers, and that wild salmonids, mainly trout, are possible carriers of benign wild-type variants of ISAV. Change in virulence is probably a result of deletions of amino acid segments from the highly polymorphic region (HPR) of benign wild-type isolates after transmission to farmed salmon. Hence, it has been suggested that the frequency of new outbreaks of ISA in farmed salmon could partly reflect natural variation in the prevalence of ISAV in wild populations of salmonids. The aims of the present study were to screen for ISAV in wild salmonids during spawning in rivers and to determine the pathogenicity of resultant isolates from wild fish. Tissues from wild salmonids were screened by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. The prevalence of ISAV in wild trout Salmo trutta varied from 62 to 100% between tested rivers in 2001. The prevalence dropped in 2002, ranging from 13 to 36% in the same rivers and to only 6% in 2003. All ISAV were nonpathogenic when injected into disease-free Atlantic salmon, but were capable of propagation, as indicated by subsequent viral recovery. However, non-pathogenic ISAV has also been found in farmed salmon, where a prevalence as high as 60% has been registered, but with no mortalities occurring. Based on the results of the present and other studies, it must be concluded that vital information about the importance of wild and man-made reservoirs for the emergence of ISA in salmon farming is still lacking. This information can only be gained by further screening of possible reservoirs, combined with the development of a molecular tool for typing virulence and the geographical origin of the virus isolates.
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PMID:Prevalence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in wild salmonids in western Norway. 1617 69

The emergence of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) in Canada and the USA has led to the establishment of ISAV surveillance programs for cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and wild fish species, including Atlantic salmon. Current testing procedures for ISAV consist of viral culture, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and indirect fluorescent antibody testing (IFAT), and require lethal sampling. As the focus of this study, blood was evaluated as a possible non-lethal sample source for ISAV diagnostic screening by viral culture and RT-PCR. Tissue samples (consisting of kidney/spleen for viral culture or kidney only for RT-PCR), blood and, to a lesser extent, mucus were tested from Atlantic salmon survivors of laboratory ISAV infection trials and moribund fish from marine salmon grow-out facilities participating in a USDA-sponsored surveillance program. The trial fish represented a potential carrier population, while the surveillance fish were composed of moribund individuals from ISA clinical sites. Sample sources and diagnostic techniques were compared. Blood compared well to tissue samples for viral culture and produced a greater number of positives than did kidney samples for ISAV detection by RT-PCR. RT-PCR using both kidney and blood samples was determined to be a more sensitive assay than viral isolation. Mucus did not perform well in either assay compared to the other sample sources. Blood appears to be a reliable non-lethal sample source for the detection of ISAV by viral culture and RT-PCR in both moribund and asymptomatic fish.
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PMID:Comparison of lethal versus non-lethal sample sources for the detection of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). 1626 32

In the present study, 24 smolt production sites were screened for the presence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) with the help of a specific real-time RT PCR assay, and 22 of these sites had smolts that were positive. If these smolt production sites are representative for the prevalence of ISAV in Norwegian smolts, then most marine production sites must be considered to be positive for ISAV. In addition, 92 European ISAV isolates have been genotyped based on the hemagglutinin-esterase gene (HE), and their distribution pattern was analysed. This pattern has been coupled to information about the origin of smolt, eggs, and broodfish in those cases where it has been possible to obtain such information, and with information about ISAV in neighbouring farms. The pattern suggests that an important transmission route for the ISAV could be that the salmon farming industry in Norway is circulating some of the isolates in the production cycle, i.e. some sort of vertical or transgenerational transmission may occur. It has also been shown that avirluent ISAV isolates are fairly common in Norwegian farmed salmon. Based on this, it is hypothesized that the change from avirulent to virulent ISAV isolates is a stochastic event that is dependent on the replication frequency of the virus and the time available for changes in a highly polymorphic region (HPR) of the HE gene to occur. This, and the possibility that only avirluent ISAV isolates are vertically transmitted, may explain why ISA most often occurs at marine sites and why no more than about 15 farms get ISA every year in Norway.
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PMID:Transmission of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in farmed populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). 1694 Oct 61

In order to investigate the potential role of blue mussels Mytilus edulis as a vector of the fish pathogenic infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), we developed an experimental bioaccumulation system in which mussels can accumulate virus during normal filtration. Detection of virus in mussels was performed by means of real-time RT-PCR. ISAV-RNA was detected in the mussels until 72 h post-challenge. Hepatopancreas homogenate from experimentally challenged mussels was injected into salmon. All the fish injected with homogenate prepared immediately after accumulations were strongly ISAV positive 4 wk post-challenge. In the group injected with homogenate prepared 24 h after the challenge, 1 fish out of 25 was weakly ISAV positive. All of the fish that were challenged with mussel homogenate prepared 96 h after accumulation were ISAV negative. Mussels sampled from a tank with experimentally infected salmon demonstrating clinical signs consistent with ISA (infectious salmon anaemia) and mussels collected on net pen cages during ISA outbreaks in Atlantic salmon were all ISAV negative. The results indicate that the ISAV is rapidly inactivated in mussels and that mussels are not a likely reservoir host or vector for ISAV.
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PMID:Fate of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in experimentally challenged blue mussels Mytilus edulis. 1742 57

Juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, (6 g) were challenged with infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) either by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or by cohabitation with ISA-diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Samplings of cod were performed over a period of 45 days and various tissue samples were collected. The presence of ISAV RNA (segment 8) in samples was assessed by both conventional RT-PCR and a competitive quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In the i.p.-challenged group, ISAV RNA was detected in fish from all samplings, i.e. at days 7, 15, 21, 30 and 45 post-challenge. At day 7 post-challenge, all individual fish were positive, and so were the vast majority of individual tissue samples. At later samplings, the fraction of positive brain samples remained high (approximately 75%). In contrast, the positive fraction of other tissues/organs declined during the experiment. Analysis of positive brain samples by a quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the level of ISAV RNA increased significantly (approximately 20 times) between days 7 and 30 post-challenge and remained high at day 45, indicating that a replication of ISAV had taken place. ISAV RNA was not detected in any control or cohabitation-challenged fish. No abnormal behaviour, clinical disease or, most notably, mortality was observed in any of the challenge or control groups.
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PMID:Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in experimentally challenged Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). 1761 Jan 25


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