Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aluminum toxicity, prevalent among individuals with chronic renal failure, is associated with disabling osteomalacia, encephalopathy, and anemia. The control of aluminum intake has included standards to limit the amount of aluminum in the dialysis fluid in addition to the use of nonaluminum containing phosphate binders. Deferoxamine mesylate, a heavy metal chelating agent, is used to remove aluminum from the tissues of dialysis patients. Chelation therapy has resulted in improvements of clinical symptoms and bone histology. Ocular, auditory, and infectious adverse effects have occurred with the use of deferoxamine. Future studies are needed to determine the most effective method of removing the aluminum-deferoxamine complex.
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PMID:Deferoxamine for aluminum toxicity in dialysis patients. 235 18

Abnormalities of trace elements such as aluminum, silicon, zinc, manganese and nickel were found in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. The relationship between serum concentration of trace elements and complications such as anemia bone disease, neurological disorder and nutritional disorder in 100 chronic HD patients was examined. Serum Al and Si levels were very high in these patients, and were negatively correlated with indicators of anemia such as RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Serum Al and Si levels in the HD patients with peripheral neurological disorder (excluding encephalopathy) and with bone disease were significantly high. The levels of serum Zn, Mn and Ni were low, and were correlated with total serum protein levels. In summary, in order to prevent some complications in chronic HD patients, it is very important to regulate levels of trace elements.
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PMID:Trace elements and complications in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. 192 25

Cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography was used to study the cerebral blood-flow velocity and cerebral oxygen transport of infants requiring a blood transfusion to correct anaemia. Mean flow velocity, pulsatility index and haemoglobin concentration were determined before and after transfusion. 11 stable preterm infants demonstrated an inverse relationship between haemoglobin concentration (or estimated arterial oxygen content) and mean flow velocity, indicating the presence of a homeostatic mechanism keeping brain oxygen transport within certain limits. Three infants with severe post-asphyxial encepalopathy had relatively high mean flow velocities and low pulsatility indices both before and after transfusion. There were no circulatory adjustments in response to an increase in haemoglobin concentration. Thus severe asphyxia at birth disrupted the homeostatic mechanism responsible for keeping brain oxygen transport constant. These findings stress the importance of close monitoring of arterial oxygen content, particularly for infants with severe post-asphyxial encephalopathy.
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PMID:Defective regulation of cerebral oxygen transport after severe birth asphyxia. 240 11

Six infants, three of them neonates, were diagnosed as having acute lead poisoning; four of them had acute encephalopathy. All had been given an indigenous preparation, 'Bint Al Zahab' (Daughter of Gold), for abdominal colic and early passage of meconium after birth. Chemical analysis of this powder revealed a lead content of 82.5%. The index case had anaemia with punctate basophilia, dense metaphysial lines on X-ray and markedly raised blood lead levels, arousing a strong index of suspicion for the early diagnosis of subsequent cases. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan in three cases showed signs of early cerebral cortical atrophy. The picture of cerebral oedema was absent in the four cases of acute lead encephalopathy. The importance of prevention and the ideal management is discussed.
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PMID:Lead poisoning in infancy--unusual causes in the U.A.E. 243 May 14

Relatively little is known concerning Al toxicity in man or animals. Current literature associates encephalopathy, osteodystrophy, and anemia with excessive Al accumulation. The normal gastrointestinal tract is probably an efficient barrier to absorption and the normal kidney appears to eliminate Al efficiently. When administered parenterally, the g.i. barrier is by-passed. In the presence of renal failure, accumulation may occur. "Toxic" levels of Al have not been clearly established to guide clinicians, nor have "safe" levels in parenterals been defined. The extent of intoxication as a clinical problem is unknown, but may be more common in selected patient groups than is recognized. In the absence of reliable data, specific regulatory action has not been taken. In the interest of public health, the FDA is attempting to accumulate information for guidance of parenteral drug manufacturers and clinical practitioners.
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PMID:Aluminum in parenteral products: LVP and SVP, FDA medical perspective. 249 68

With a normal and varied food intake, the vitamin supply is often sufficient to avoid vitamin deficiency. Since synthetic vitamins have become available, it has become possible to take with one dose the amount of vitamins normally taken up from food in one year. In these pharmacological doses vitamins must therefore be considered as drugs. And in pharmacological doses, their actions are often different and not directly linked to their physiological activity. Two types of pathologic state are unquestionably the concern of vitaminotherapy: More or less specific and intense vitamin deficiencies: Rickets, scurvy, beri beri, pellagra, vitamin deficiency related to alcohol consumption, polyneuritis, encephalopathy, malabsorption, mucoviscidosis, etc. Genetic defects of vitamin metabolism: Prescriptions for these cases represent only a tiny part of the vitamin pharmaceutic market. The prescription of vitamins as adjuvants in other pathologic states without vitamin deficiency, such as neurological pains, psychosis, prevention of common cold, alopecia, anemia, asthenia, carpal tunnel defect, etc., is frequent. The results may be good; however, in some cases, the efficacy is due to chance or placebo effect, and there is no scientific or experimental evidence of beneficial activity. At the moment, the pharmacological vitamin research is very active. New products with vitamin-like structures are being synthesized for specialized therapeutic applications. They will in the near future probably replace elevated and mega-doses for clinical prescription, except, of course, for the treatment of vitamin deficiency. On the other hand, the use of multivitamin preparations in nutritional dosage will greatly increase.
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PMID:Clinical conditions requiring elevated dosages of vitamins. 250 93

Encephalopathy is an unusual manifestation of lead poisoning in an adult, the more common presentation being abdominal colic, anaemia and limb palsy. We report a case of adult lead encephalopathy and describe the use of a simple screening test for lead poisoning together with the increasing number of cases associated with imported ceramics.
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PMID:Lead encephalopathy from an imported Toby mug. 260 65

Biliary hemorrhage may occur in a variety of clinical settings, but spontaneous hemobilia has not been reported from a cirrhotic liver. We describe a case of major hepatic hemobilia in a patient with cirrhosis and no history of trauma. A 50-year-old woman had abdominal pain, melena, and profound anemia. An extensive workup did not show the site of bleeding but did show a mass in the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy was performed, and at operation the patient was found to have cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The gallbladder "mass" was simply an organized clot, and hemorrhage recurred postoperatively. On reoperation, bleeding from the ampulla of Vater was observed, confirming the diagnosis of hemobilia. She was treated with angiographic interruption of hepatic arterial flow, at which time bleeding ceased. Her total transfusion requirements included 46 units of blood. Through 16 months of follow-up the patient has had no recurrent bleeding and no evidence of encephalopathy. This case demonstrates that spontaneous hemobilia may indeed arise from a cirrhotic liver. Proximal interruption of arterial flow is usually not recommended for hemobilia, especially in the presence of portal hypertension and cirrhosis, but may be life-saving in selected patients.
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PMID:Atraumatic hemobilia arising from a cirrhotic liver. 266 59

Aluminum intoxication is common in patients with chronic renal failure because of absorption of aluminum during dialysis from aluminum-containing dyalysate water and ingestion of phosphate binders containing aluminum. Aluminum accumulation in the body is followed by bone disease, encephalopathy and anemia. Bone diseases can be recorded in 44% of the patients treated with long-term dialysis. Two early histologic types of retarded bone turnover can be seen, i.e. osteomalacia and aplastic bone disease. In dialyzed patients, osteomalacia is usually followed by low PTH level in human serum. On the contrary, studies on uremic rats have shown that previous parathyroidectomy can prevent aluminum intoxication, because hyperparathyroidism in an early phase of chronic renal failure increases aluminum absorption from the gut and its accumulation in the body. As the pathogenesis of aluminum-induced alterations is unclear, the prevention of bone disease should be provided through lowering the aluminum intake in dialyzed patients. Bone biopsy is unavoidable for the early detection and diagnosis of the disease. Promising results in the treatment of aluminum intoxication have been obtained using deferoxamine, a chelating agent.
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PMID:[Aluminum poisoning]. 267 63

Lead exposure is an ancient malady. Its history serves as a useful paradigm through which to understand many other pollutants that our technological society has inserted into the human environment and may guide preventive steps for other agents. Lead poisoning was first recognized in workers exposed to high doses. The discovery of childhood toxicity occurred a century ago in Australia, when children with striking symptoms of paralysis, ophthalmoplegia, or meningitis were found to be highly lead exposed. Encephalopathy generally occurs at blood lead levels of 80 micrograms/dL or more, but unequivocal brain damage has been demonstrated at doses well below this level. At lower doses, the neurocognitive effects of lead are expressed as diminished psychometric intelligence, attention deficits, conduct problems, alterations in the electroencephalogram, school failure, and increased referral rates for special needs. Careful epidemiologic studies, which have controlled for the important confounders, have set the effect level at 10-15 micrograms/dL. Elegant animal studies in which confounding is not an issue have confirmed these findings. Although blood lead levels in the population have dropped over time for a number of reasons, there are some 3-4 million American children with blood lead levels of more than 15 micrograms/dL. Biochemical and functional changes have been demonstrated in the heme biosynthetic pathway and in the renal, cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. The threshold for effect depends on the sensitivity of the methods used. A no-effect level has not been found. Further, this is not a disease of the poor alone. But the poor are exposed to much more lead than are the more economically favored. Deficiencies in body calcium, zinc, iron, and protein stores are associated with increased uptake. Optimizing nutrition enhances the resistance to lead. All children should be screened for lead at regular intervals, especially those with anemia, growth failure, and developmental or behavioral problems. Treatment protocols are well worked out, but chelation is only part of the therapy. Controlling the environment, strengthening the family's supports, enhancing nutrition, and offering remedial education are essential to a successful therapeutic outcome. Lead control has involved a continuing struggle between vested economic interests and regulatory agencies. In one area, the control of airbone lead, science, and public health have prevailed. In the past decade, the amount of alkyl lead consumed in gasoline additives has been reduced by 99%. Body lead burdens have dropped in close correspondence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The persistent threat of lead: medical and sociological issues. 306 40


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