Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Poor nutrition among children is the primary health problem plagueing developing countries. The problem stems primarily from the social and economic inequalities extant in the world today and could be ameliorated by reducing unemployment and urban migration through rural and village level development keyed to the needs and desires of the community. The major nutritional problems facing the developing countries are described and suggestions for preventing the problems and for treating specific nutritional diseases are made. Major nutritional problems include: 1) Maternal nutritional anemia; 2) protein energy malnutrition; 3) vitamin A deficiency; 4) lactation failure; 5) addiction to milk feeding; and 6) inadequate preparation and use of artificial milk products. Maternal nutritional anemia increases the frequency of low weight births in developing countries. Protein energy malnutrition afflicts approximately 100 million children under the age of 5 and can permanently affect the physical and mental development of these children. Vitamin A deficiency is one of the major causes of preventable blindness. The economic loss resulting from preventable blindness is tremendous; this loss could be prevented by spending only 10 cents a day to supplement the diet of each malnourished child. Lactation failure is especially devasting for babies born to poor women and all practices, such as temporary bottle feeding, which contribute toward lactation failure should be halted. Inappropriate use of artificial milk products increases nutritional deficiency and gastrointestional problems among babies in the developing countries.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional problems in developing countries. 11 62

Young rats weighing 150 g (initial weight) were fed diets sufficient or deficient in vitamin A. Postweaning rats were used in order to retard the rapid onset of vitamin A deficiency. The effects of the deficiency were studied with respect to impairment of hematopoietic function and anemia. Values for hemoglobin and hematocrit provided evidence of anemia before the signs of severe vitamin A deficiency became apparent. These included alopecia, ocular lesions, and low levels of retinol in plasma and liver. At the point where liver stores of vitamin A were virtually depleted, however, estimates for serum iron, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were elevated to control levels. The latter phenomenon appeared to result from hemoconcentration. These data suggest that anemia may be a component of vitamin A deficiency, but might be masked by the dehydration that accompanies severe depletion of vitamin A.
 ...
PMID:Clinical signs of anemia in vitamin A-deficient rats. 45 58

Hematological studies were carried out in 110 children with varying levels of plasma retinol to investigate the relationship between vitamin A deficiency and anemia. In children with plasma retinol levels below 20 microgram/100 ml, the mean levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were lower than those in children who had retinol levels above 20 microgram/100 ml. Following supplementation of vitamin A, there was a significant increase in the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma iron. These findings suggest that apart from deficiency of iron, vitamin A deficiency may also have a contributory role in the development of anemia in children.
 ...
PMID:Hematological studies in vitamin A deficient children. 59 Dec 11

Recent studies of experimental vitamin A deficiency in man led the authors to conclude that anemia may result from lack of vitamin A. A review of numerous nutrition surveys in underdeveloped countries enhanced the suspicion that deficiency of vitamin A does contribute to the prevalence of anemia. Preliminary studies of vitamin A-deficient rats confirmed previous observations that anemia may result from lack of this vitamin. The livers of these animals had very low concentrations of vitamin A but normal or increased concentrations of iron. The finding of anemia is in contrast with other reports that vitamin A deficiency may cause elevated values for hemoglobin and hematocrit. The authors suggest that loss of taste and smell as a result of deficiency may account for refusal of experimental animals to eat and drink enough to prevent inanitation and dehydration. The resulting hemoconcentration may mask the true hematological picture, which is one of anemia.
 ...
PMID:Hematopoietic studies in vitamin A deficiency. 64 32

In order to investigate the role of vitamin A nutriture in the prevalence of anemia in Central America, a retrospective evaluation of the data of the six Institute of Nutrition of Central Americal and Panama/Office for International Research nutrition surveys of Central America and Panama has been made. Three groups of children; 1 to 4, 5 to 8, and 9 to 12 years old, living between 0 and 2,5000 feet above sea level were studeid. Several biochemical and dietary parameters related to anemia were corrleated with plasma levels of retinol. Children between the ages of 5 and 12 years showed a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin and plasma retinol. Children aged 1 to 4 years did not show a similar correlation. In children of all age groups there were positive correlations between plasma retinol and serum iron. Percent saturation of transferrin was also found to be lower when plasma retinol levels were low. Children with an adequate intake of iron, as classified by both dietary information and socioeconomic level, showed a significant positive correlation between plasma retinol levels and iron in their serum. In contrast, no correlation was found when dietary iron was low. In the light of these findings, a possible relationship between vitamin A deficiency and anemia is suggested.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin A deficiency and anemia in Central American children. 87 80

Among primitive tribal communities in India, girls are traditionally married immediately after attaining menarche. In the present study, all adolescent girls in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy from 15 randomly selected villages of 4 tribal development blocks of Udaipur district (South Rajasthan State, India) were studied. The data were analyzed with reference to parity, anthropometry, anemia, and other dietary deficiencies. A total of 54 adolescent girls (ages 13-19) were included in the present study. Of these, 59% (n = 32) were found to be primigravidas, 30% (n = 20) were pregnant for the 2nd time, and 2 girls were pregnant for the 3rd time. A majority were illiterate (n = 46), and almost all of them were found to be suffering from moderate-to-severe anemia (n = 51). Similarly, a large majority (n = 46) had a body mass index (BMI) less than normal and body weight less than 42 kg. 2 of the pregnant girls were also found to be suffering from pellagra, while approximately 1/3 of the girls had vitamin A deficiency. Only 2 had ever practiced family planning, consisting of some herbal preparations given to them by the folk doctor. Of the study participants, 19 girls (35.0%) were in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy; of these, 7 had evidence of malpresentation or cephalopelvic disproportion. This study highlights the health profile and needs of pregnant adolescents among tribal populations in a drought-affected area in India.
 ...
PMID:Health profile of pregnant adolescents among selected tribal populations in Rajasthan, India. 129 Jul 71

Currently major nutrition supplementation programs in India are: 1) Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS); 2) Mid-day meal Programs (MDM); 3) Special Nutrition Programs (SNP); 4) Wheat Based Nutrition Programs (WNP); 5) Applied Nutrition Programs (ANP); 6) Balwadi Nutrition Programs (BNP); 7) National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Program (NNAPP); 8) National Program for Prevention of Blindness due to Vitamin A Deficiency; and 9) National Goiter Control Program (NGCP). The history of the respective programs, their beneficiaries, objectives, activities, organization, and evaluation are detailed. The ICDS beneficiaries are children below 6 years, pregnant and lactating mothers, and women aged 15-44 years, who are provided the following: supplementary nutrition; immunization; health check-ups; referral services; treatment of minor illnesses; pre-school education to children aged 3-6 years. The MDM program's intended beneficiaries are children attending the primary school. Children belonging to backward classes, scheduled caste, and scheduled tribe families are given priority. The SNP is to provide supplementary nutrition and health care services including supply of vitamin A solution and iron and folic acid tablets to pre-school children, and pregnant and lactating mothers of poor groups in urban slums and tribal areas. The ANP strives to make people conscious of their nutritional needs and to provide supplementary nutrition to children aged between 3-6 years and to pregnant and lactating mothers. The beneficiaries of the WNP scheme are children of pre-school age and nursing and expectant mothers in areas with high infant mortality such as urban slums and backward rural areas. The program of BNP aims to supply about one-third of the calorie and half of the protein requirements of pre-school children between the age of 3-5 years to improve the nutritional status. The NNAPP scheme beneficiaries are children in the 1-5 age group and pregnant and nursing mothers, female acceptors of terminal methods of family planning and IUDs. The NGCP aims to supply iodized salt to the entire country by 1992.
 ...
PMID:National nutrition supplementation programmes. 129 17

Hunger and malnutrition in Africa have been on the increase since the 1960s. During the 1970s, it is estimated that 30 million people were directly affected by famine and malnutrition. About 5 million children died in 1984 alone. In Mozambique during the 1983-84 famine, about 100,000 people perished. In Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, and Angola armed conflicts compound the problem. Ethiopia alone had 9 million famine victims in 1983. The most common form of malnutrition in Africa is protein energy deficiency affecting over 100 million people, especially 30-50 million children under 5 years of age. Almost another 200 million are at risk. Iron deficiency, commonly called anemia, also affects 150 million people, mostly women and children. Iodine deficiency leads to disorders like mental retardation, cretinism, deafness, abortion, low resistance to disease, and goiter and this affects 60 million with about 150 million more at risk. Vitamin A deficiency causes blindness and low resistance to disease and affects about 10 million. Protein energy deficiency is treated by using donated foods in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, day care centers, and feeding centers. There are no community programs for anemia, or vitamin A or iodine deficiencies. Vaccines for preventing and drugs for treating diseases that cause malnutrition are imported. Therefore, African food and nutrition professionals met in 1988 and created the Africa Council for Food and Nutrition Sciences (AFRONUS) to eliminate famine and malnutrition in Africa. Activities have started in: 1) developing contacts between the workers in food and nutrition; 2) assessing the situation of food and nutrition in Africa; 3) developing an action plan; 4) implementing the plan; and 5) monitoring progress. Food and Nutrition Policy Guidelines have also been prepared by AFRONUS for food and nutrition workers. Africa has enough natural resources to solve the problem of hunger and malnutrition, but these resources have to be harnessed.
 ...
PMID:Hunger and malnutrition: the determinant of development: the case for Africa and its food and nutrition workers. 139 7

A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of iron and vitamin A deficiency in normal pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia, was carried out. Of the 318 women studied, 49.4% were anemic and, according to multiple criteria, 43.5% had iron-deficiency anemia, 22.3% had iron-deficient erythropoiesis, and 6.6% had iron depletion. Serum retinol values revealed that 2.5% of the pregnant women were vitamin A deficient and 31% had marginal vitamin A status. The relative dose-response test carried out on 45 women showed that 4 (8.9%) had deficient vitamin A liver stores. After gestational stage, parity, and subdistrict were adjusted for, serum retinol concentrations were significantly positively associated (P < 0.01) with hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit, and serum iron concentrations. The suboptimal vitamin A status associated with nutritional-deficiency anemia suggests that pregnant women in the area should be supplemented not only with iron but also with vitamin A. This proposal should be tested in an intervention study.
 ...
PMID:Cross-sectional study on the iron and vitamin A status of pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia. 144 67

Measurements of nutritionally relevant biochemical and endocrine variables were made on 60 apparently healthy children (group A) whose parents suffered from leprosy and who had been separated at the age of 4 years and brought up in preventoria. Most of the measurements were also made on a comparison group of healthy children from the same poor socio-economic class (group B). In both groups the serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were well below those found in Western populations. Almost all the children in both groups were anaemic, but serum iron and ferritin levels were satisfactory. Folate and vitamin B12 levels were measured in group A only and were low in a significant proportion. Deficiency of these water-soluble vitamins may be a cause of the anaemia. Low albumin levels were found in 40% of group A children, compared with 2% in group B. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium were lower and that of phosphate higher in group A than in B. In both groups one-third of the children had low levels of serum zinc. Fifteen per cent of group A children had biochemical evidence of vitamin A deficiency, but none were deficient in vitamin E. Levels of total T3 and total T4 were below the lower limit of normal in a substantial proportion of children in both groups. Concentrations of parathyroid hormone were increased in parallel with the low values for serum calcium. Radiological studies of ossification centres in 57 group A children showed delayed maturation in 11 cases. The relevance of these findings to previous studies of the children of lepers in India is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional status of children of urban leprosy patients staying at preventoria based on biochemical parameters. 148 18


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>