Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pulmonary involvement due to disseminated non Hodgkin lymphoma (LNH), is an unusual cause of lung disease in AIDS patients. We report a 38 years old male patient, with advanced AIDS, who, in the course of three weeks, developed cough, dyspnea and fever. The chest X ray film showed diffuse thickening of the peribronchovascular connective tissue with possible mediastinal lymph node enlargement. The evolution was unfavorable with hypoxemia, severe anemia, liver damage and elevated levels of lactic dehydrogenase. The presumptive initial diagnoses were Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis with hematogenous dissemination and Kaposi sarcoma. Definitive diagnosis was made through a transbronchial biopsy performed the day before his death. The pathological and inmunohistochemical report demonstrated a highly aggressive lymphoma (lymphoblastic, B precursor). This finding was confirmed by autopsy that revealed multiple organ involvement.
 ...
PMID:[Pulmonary involvement due to disseminated non Hodgkin lymphoma in one patient with AIDS]. 1183 85

A rare simultaneous occurrence of multicentric Castleman's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma was diagnosed in a 70-year-old man who presented with fever, polyarthralgia, weight loss, vascular purpura, anemia, generalized lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. He had no risk of HIV infection and serological tests for HIV were negative twice, but a low number of T-cells and a reversed CD4/CD8 ratio were observed. During hospitalization, he developed Kaposi's sarcoma at the right sole. Lymph node biopsies revealed multicentric Castleman's disease together with a large B-cell lymphoma, which showed monotypic IgM-lambda lymphocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which systemic manifestations of all three diseases occurred simultaneously prior to any specific treatment. The altered immune status and human herpesvirus-8 infection might have played a role in the pathogenesis of this occurrence.
 ...
PMID:Multicentric Castleman's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma: a rare simultaneous occurrence. 1240 98

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and bacillary angiomatosis (BA) may be histologically similar. A precise diagnosis is required because of the different management of these diseases. KS or BA involving bone marrow is rare in patients with and without acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report the case of a 40-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive homosexual male who presented with small KS lesions in the skin and BA in the bone marrow that histologically were similar. Laboratory evaluation revealed anemia and thrombocytopenia; CD4 count was 103/mm3, and the viral load was 750,000 HIV-1 mRNA copies per milliliter in plasma. Bartonella henselae, the etiologic agent of BA, was isolated from a blood culture. DNA sequences of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), the putative etiologic agent of KS, were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in skin and bone marrow specimens, but antibody anti-HHV-8-encoded protein ORF73, localized signals only in the skin-KS lesion. The patient received clarithromycin and cefotetan for the BA, and antiretroviral therapy for the HIV infection. The skin lesions gradually regressed, the HIV-1 mRNA copy number decreased to less than 400 per milliliter and the CD4 lymphocyte count increased to 665/mm3. In conclusion, vascular lesions of BA and KS may be clinically and histologically similar, both may be associated with advanced AIDS, and an accurate diagnosis is required because of their different management.
 ...
PMID:AIDS presenting with cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma and bacillary angiomatosis in the bone marrow mimicking Kaposi's sarcoma. 1254 30

Isobutyl nitrite is used to a limited extent as an intermediate in the syntheses of aliphatic nitrites. It is also an ingredient of various incenses or room odorizers and is used as a euphoric. The chemical has also been used as a jet propellant and in the preparation of fuels. Isobutyl nitrite was nominated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission to the NTP for toxicology and carcinogenicity studies because of its possible contribution to the high incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma among male homosexual acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients and because of the lack of available data on the potential carcinogenicity of isobutyl nitrite. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to isobutyl nitrite (purity of 93% or greater) by inhalation for 16 days, 13 weeks, or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, Drosophila melanogaster, and mouse peripheral blood. 16-DAY STUDY IN RATS: Groups of five male and five female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 100, 200, 400, 600, or 800 ppm (approximately 420, 840, 1,700, 2,500, or 3,300 mg/m(3)) isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for a total of 12 exposures during a 16-day period. All males and females exposed to 600 or 800 ppm and one 400 ppm female died on the first day of the study. Final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of 400 ppm males and females were significantly lower than those of the controls. Clinical findings observed in 400 ppm males and females included ocular discharge, lethargy, hunched posture, and rough coats. Absolute and relative lung weights of all exposed groups of males and of 200 and 400 ppm females were less than those of the controls. Chemical-related hyperplasia of the bronchial epithelium was observed in 200 and 400 ppm males and females and hyperplasia of the nasal turbinate epithelium was observed in rats exposed to 400 ppm or less. Hemosiderin pigmentation was observed in the spleen of 200 and 400 ppm males and females and bone marrow hematopoietic hyperplasia was observed in rats exposed to 400 ppm or less. 16-DAY STUDY IN MICE: Groups of five male and five female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 100, 200, 400, 600, or 800 ppm (approximately 420, 840, 1,700, 2,500, or 3,300 mg/m(3)) isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for a total of 12 exposures during a 16-day period. Three males and four females exposed to 800 ppm died before the end of the study. Final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of 600 and 800 ppm males and females were significantly lower than those of the controls. Mice exposed to 400 ppm or greater were lethargic and exhibited hunched posture and rough coats. Absolute and relative lung weights of 600 and 800 ppm males and the relative lung weight of 600 ppm females were significantly greater than those of the controls. Chemical-related hyperplasia of the bronchiolar epithelium was observed in all exposed groups of males and females. Lymphocytic atrophy of the spleen and thymus was observed in males and females exposed to 400 ppm or greater. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 10, 25, 75, 150, or 300 ppm (approximately 42, 105, 315, 630, or 1,260 mg/m(3)) isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 13 weeks. All rats survived to the end of the study. Final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of 300 ppm males and females were significantly lower than those of the controls, as was the mean body weight gain of 150 ppm females. Clinical findings observed during the study included ruffled fur in 300 ppm males and females, hypoactivity in 300 ppm males, and hyperactivity in 150 and 300 ppm females. A very mild chemical-related methemoglobinemia and anemia occurred in male and female rats in the 75, 150, and 300 ppm groups. Hematopoietic hyperplasia occurred in the bone marrow of all exposed groups of males and females and was considered to be a secondary response to the anemia and methed methemoglobinemia. There was minimal hemosiderin pigment accumulation in the spleens of males and females exposed to 75 ppm or greater, mild to moderate epithelial cell hyperplasia of the nasal mucosa was observed in 300 ppm males and females, and minimal hyperplasia occurred in 150 ppm males and females. Hyperplasia of the bronchial epithelium was observed in 300 ppm males and females. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 10, 25, 75, 150, or 300 ppm (approximately 42, 105, 315, 630, or 1,260 mg/m(3)) isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 13 weeks. There were no chemical-related deaths. Final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of 150 and 300 ppm females were significantly less than those of the controls. Final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of exposed groups of males were similar to those of the controls. There were no chemical-related clinical findings. A very mild chemical-related methemoglobinemia occurred in male and female mice in the 150 and 300 ppm groups. A very mild anemia occurred in the 300 ppm groups. In the lung, increased incidences of mild to moderate hyperplasia of the bronchiolar epithelium occurred in males and females exposed to 300 ppm. Minimal hyperplasia occurred in males exposed to 75 ppm or greater and in females exposed to 150 ppm. Minimal epithelial cell hyperplasia of the nasal mucosa was observed in 300 ppm males. Increased hematopoiesis of the spleen, secondary to the hematotoxicity, occurred in males exposed to 75 ppm or greater and in females exposed to 150 or 300 ppm. Increased hemosiderosis of the spleen occurred in males exposed to 300 ppm and in females exposed to 75 ppm or greater. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Based on the low final mean body weights, anemia, and the mild to moderate nasal mucosal lesions and the hyperplastic bronchial lesions observed in 300 ppm males and females, isobutyl nitrite exposure concentrations selected for the 2-year inhalation study in rats were 37.5, 75, and 150 ppm. Groups of 56 male and 56 female rats were exposed to 0, 37.5, 75, or 150 ppm (equivalent to 0, 158, 315, or 630 mg/m(3)) isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 103 weeks. Ten male and 10 female rats from each group were evaluated at 15 months for clinical pathology and histopathology. Survival, Body Weights, Clinical Findings, Hematology, and Clinical Chemistry: Survival rates of exposed groups of rats were greater than those of the controls, and the survival rates of 75 and 150 ppm males were significantly greater than that of the control. Mean body weights of 150 ppm males and females were 3% to 11% lower than those of the controls throughout the course of the study. There were no clinical findings considered to be related to isobutyl nitrite exposure. A very mild methemoglobinemia and anemia occurred in male and female rats exposed to 75 or 150 ppm. Pathology Findings: Incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) occurred with significant positive trends in exposed males and females, and the incidences of these neoplasms in 75 ppm males and in 150 ppm males and females were significantly greater than those in the controls. The incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar carcinoma was significantly greater in 150 ppm male rats than that in the controls. The incidences of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia were also increased in 75 and 150 ppm males and in all exposed groups of females. The incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia in exposed groups of males and females were significantly less than those in the controls. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Based on the low final mean body weight of 300 ppm females and the mild to moderate bronchiolar hyperplasia observed in 300 ppm males and females, isobutyl nitrite exposure concentrations selected for the 2-year inhalation study in mice were 37.5, 75, and 150 ppm. Groups of 60 male and 60 female mice were exposed to 0, 37.5, 75, or 150 ppm (equivalent to 0, 158, 315, or 630 mg/m(3)) isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 103 weeks. As many as 10 male and 10 female mice from each group were evaluated at 15 months for clinical pathology and histopathology. Survival, Body Weights, Clinical Findings, and Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Survival rates of exposed groups of males were similar to those of the controls. Survival rates of exposed groups of females were greater than those of the controls, and the survival rate in 37.5 ppm females was significantly greater than that of the controls. Mean body weights of exposed groups of males and of 37.5 and 75 ppm females were similar to those of the controls throughout the study. Mean body weights of 150 ppm females were lower than those of the controls from week 20 until the end of the study. There were no biologically significant clinical findings noted in the 2-year study in mice. A very mild methemoglobinemia and anemia occurred in male and female mice exposed to 75 or 150 ppm. Pathology Findings: Incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) occurred with significant positive trends in exposed males and females, and the incidences of these neoplasms were significantly greater than those in the controls in 75 ppm males and in 150 ppm males and females. Incidences of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia were significantly increased in 75 and 150 ppm male and female mice. Thyroid gland follicular cell adenoma occurred with a significant positive trend in male mice; the incidences of thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia were increased in all exposed groups of males, and the incidences in males exposed to 37.5 or 150 ppm were significantly greater than those in the controls. Incidences of serous exudate and olfactory epithelium atrophy in the nose of 150 ppm females were significantly greater than those in the controls. Incidences of minimal to mild hemosiderin pigment in the spleen of 75 and 150 ppm male mice were significantly greater than those in the controls. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Isobutyl nitrite was found to be mutagenic in vitro and in vivo. It induced base-pair substitution mutations in Salmonella typhimurim strains TA100 and TA1535 and sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Positive responses in the S. typhimurium tests required S9 activation, but isobutyl nitrite induced chromosomal effects in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without S9. In vivo, no induction of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations was noted in the germ cells of male Drosophila melanogaster exposed to isobutyl nitrite via feeding or injection. However, significant increases in micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes were observed in the peripheral blood of male and female mice treated with isobutyl nitrite for 90 days by inhalation. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of isobutyl nitrite in male and female F344/N rats based on the increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of isobutyl nitrite in male and female B6C3F1 mice based on the increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in males and females. The increased incidence of thyroid gland follicular cell adenoma in male mice may have been related to isobutyl nitrite exposure. Exposure of rats and mice to isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia (male and female rats and mice), thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia and splenic hemosiderin pigmentation (male mice), and serous exudate and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium of the nose (female mice). Exposure of rats to isobutyl nitrite by inhalation for 2 years resulted in decreased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia in males and females.
 ...
PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Isobutyl Nitrite (CAS No. 542-56-3) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). 1259 27

Eighty of 200 HIV seropositive patients admitted in the medical wards of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria from year 1995 to 1997 were studied on presentation and compared to 40 age and sex matched controls. The main clinical features observed included weight loss, pyrexia, diarrhoea, lymphadenopathy, anaemia and pruritic dermatosis. Sixty-two of the 80 patients (73.2%) presented at stages 3 and 4 of WHO Clinical and Laboratory staging. Thirty (30) percent of these patients died between a period of one to four months after presentation. The main diseases complicating HIV infection at presentation of the 80 patients were Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (30%), acute bacterial infections (with Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) (24%), candidiasis (14%) and Kaposi sarcoma (2%). Seropositivity for HIV types was found to be HIV-I alone in 43.5% of cases; HIV-II alone in 14% and both HIV-I and II in 42% of cases. Risk factors associated with HIV infection were multiple sexual partners (73%), sexually transmitted disease (70%), and unscreened blood transfusion (1%). HIV positive patients had a mean CD4+ T-cells of 0.24 x 10(9) +/- 0.17 which was significantly lower than the mean of 0.6 +/- 0. 17 x 10(9)/L for controls (P < 0.05 students t-test). Thirty (35%) of the patients had CD4+ counts of less than 0.2 x 10(9)/L (200 cells/microl) at presentation. The mean CD3+ lymphocytes count was 0.51 +/- 0.24 x 10(9)/L for patients and 1.04 +/- 0.71 x 10(9)/L for controls. The mean CD8+ lymphocyte count in patients was 0.29 +/- 0.19 x 10(9)/L and 0.44 x 10(9)/L for controls. Both CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocyte populations were statistically lower in patients than controls (P < 0.05).
 ...
PMID:CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and clinical features of HIV seropositive Nigerians on presentation. 1275 62

The epidemiological factors, clinical aspects and short term evolution of children infected by aids were assessed over a period of five years in "Grands Enfants" paediatric service of Brazzaville CHU. The medical reports of 81 patients have been collected, their average age was 9 years old +/- 3.5. The HIV 1 was the only identified virus. 59% of children's parents were divorced, and 7% were single. The infection transmission was vertical in 70% of cases, transfusional in 28% of cases and indeterminate in 1% of cases. The symptoms were: the impairment of body status in 90% of cases, shown by a weight loss in 89% of cases; a long-term fever was observed in 56% of cases and a chronic diarrhoea was noticed in 54% of cases. The lymphadenopathies and digestive Candida were observed in 26% and 36% of cases. 6% of the patients had a psychomotor retardation. The respiratory infections and the diarrhoea were pathologies the most frequently noticed. The associated infections were essentially pulmonary tuberculosis 40% of cases, the otitis, the pneumococcal and cryptococcal meningia 2% of cases. The Burkitt lymphoma and the Kaposi sarcoma were shown in 1% of cases. The evolution was shown by a high mortality due to a dehydration in 59% of cases, a respiratory pathology in 22% of cases and anaemia in 15% of cases. This high mortality points out the problem of the treatment of patients, a problem increased by family poverty.
 ...
PMID:[AIDS at Central University Hospital of Brazzaville: experience of the "Grands Enfants" pediatric department]. 1471 44

Idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy (IPL) with polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia is considered identical to multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) reported in western countries. Clinically, both IPL and MCD are characterized by multicentric lymphadenopathy, prominent polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elevated serum interleukin-6 concentration, bone marrow plasmacytosis, and various abnormal laboratory data such as anemia and positive autoantibodies. However, IPL has a significantly better 5-year survival rate than that of MCD. Moreover, none of the present 16 cases developed Kaposi's sarcoma or B-cell lymphoma. Histologically, the interfollicular area contains a sheet of polytypic mature plasma cells in both IPL and MCD. In MCD, the majority of lymphoid follicles had hyaline-vascular germinal centers. However, lymphoid follicles of IPL usually exhibit a hyperplastic germinal center. Immunostaining also demonstrated a normal/reactive follicular dendritic cell network pattern in the germinal center of IPL. Moreover, there were no human herpes virus-8-positive cells detected by immunohistochemistry. The overall clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of our 16 cases suggest that IPL is distinct from MCD reported in Western countries.
 ...
PMID:Clinical implication of idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia: a report of 16 cases. 1573 69

Transplant recipients are at higher risk for infection and malignancy due to therapies aimed at preventing rejection. Early detection and successful treatment of such complications is of pivotal importance for both patient and graft survival. In this study, we evaluated findings of 91 colonoscopies and colonic histopathologic findings in recipients who presented with lower gastrointestinal system complaints between January 1996 and January 2003. The study group included 79 renal and liver transplant patients. The indications for colonoscopy were diarrhea (n = 58), abdominal pain (n = 5), hematochezia (n = 19), unexplained anemia (n = 5), thickening of a colonic segment detected on computerized tomography (n = 2), screening for lymphoma (n = 1), and Kaposi's sarcoma (n = 1). During the procedures, all suspicious lesions were biopsied and specimens of normal-appearing mucosa collected when deemed necessary in relation to the clinical complaints. The endoscopic findings were classified as follows: 0 = "normal," with clear visualization of the vascular network and normal-appearing mucosa; 1 = "erythema", with tissues showing erythema, edema, hyperemia, and loss of normal vascular network; 2 = "ulcerative," with tissues exhibiting ulceration and fragility; and 3 = "coincidental findings," such as polyp or angiodysplasia. Colonoscopic and/or histopathologic abnormalities were detected in 44.5% of the 91 colonoscopy procedures. The results indicate that colonoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluation of transplant recipients with lower gastrointestinal complaints. After an initial workup colonoscopy is important to establish an accurate diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:Colonoscopy is a useful diagnostic tool for transplant recipients with lower abdominal symptoms. 1501 43

We compared bone marrow findings in 2 groups of patients with AIDS during 2 different periods: group 1, n = 20; male/female ratio, 19/1; and group 2, n = 120; male/female ratio, 6/1. Bone marrow iron stores were decreased significantly in group 2 (P < .01), and the incidence of AIDS-related lymphomas was higher, with frequent bone marrow involvement. Two group 1 patients had Kaposi sarcoma, and a 21-month-old girl with transfusion-transmitted AIDS had Burkitt-like lymphoma. In group 2, 44 patients had a history of malignant neoplasms, including Kaposi sarcoma (10 cases), hematologic neoplasms (33 cases), and metastatic leiomyosarcoma (1 case). Of the 120 patients, 15 (12.5%) had bone marrow involvement by malignant neoplasms. The majority of the non-Hodgkin lymphomas were high-grade lymphomas. Patients with AIDS-related malignant neoplasms had higher CD4+ cell counts and viral loads than patients without malignant neoplasms (P < .01, P < .05, respectively). The finding of decreased iron stores in patients with AIDS might aid clinical management of their anemia. The increased incidence of malignant neoplasms, especially lymphomas, in recent years might be related to prolonged survival but with incomplete reconstitution of immune function after antiretroviral therapy.
 ...
PMID:Changing pattern of AIDS: a bone marrow study. 1502 44

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are susceptible to a variety of complications that can affect the musculoskeletal system. These complications can be infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic or can take some other form. Infection (cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, soft-tissue abscess, pyomyositis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis) is the most common complication. Inflammatory processes include various arthritides as well as polymyositis. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma are the two most common neoplasms in this patient population. Miscellaneous disorders include osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, rhabdomyolysis, anemia-related abnormal bone marrow, and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The underlying mechanisms leading to these diseases are complex and not fully understood but are thought to be multifactorial. Radiology may play an important role in early diagnosis and treatment planning in this population, in whom clinical and laboratory findings are commonly equivocal and nonspecific. Although biopsy is often necessary for the final diagnosis, it is important for the radiologist to be familiar with the different types of musculoskeletal disease in HIV-positive and AIDS patients so that an appropriate differential diagnosis can be established.
 ...
PMID:Imaging findings in musculoskeletal complications of AIDS. 1525 27


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>