Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The isolation and characterisation of the largest genomic segment of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is reported. Following identification of ISAV-specific clones from a cDNA library, a rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR strategy was designed to obtain the sequence of the full length mRNA transcript. The full length open reading frame (ORF) of this gene was shown to be 2169 nucleotides in length, encoding a putative protein of 722 aa. This sequence was demonstrated by RT-PCR to be specific to ISAV-infected cell cultures. The start codon of this ORF was preceded by the ISAV consensus sequence 5' GCTAAGA 3' indicating the full 5' end of the gene to have been obtained. Based on protein size and amino acid composition, this protein was shown to be similar to the PB2 protein of other orthomyxoviruses. Furthermore, a bipartite nuclear localisation signal was identified in the C-terminus of the protein as is found on all of the influenza virus P proteins. Expression of the putative PB2 as a green fluorescent marker protein-fusion protein confirmed that this protein exhibited nuclear localisation in a fish cell line. Sequences of the ISAV segment 1 gene were obtained from Scottish, Norwegian and Canadian ISAV isolates. Analyses confirmed the close genetic relationship between Norwegian and Scottish ISAV and indicated that this segment was among the most conserved of the ISAV genes identified to date. Thus, this evidence strongly suggests that the genomic segment 1 of ISAV encodes a polymerase protein which is thought to be analagous in function to the PB2 protein of influenza viruses.
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PMID:Isolation and characterisation of segment 1 of the infectious salmon anaemia virus genome. 1260 81

The global demographic impact of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic continues to fascinate researchers and scholars. This paper examines the social and demographic effects of this outbreak on Iranian society, through a comprehensive investigation of the modes of transmission and propagation, mortality rates, and other distinctive features of the region, and reveals the importance of taking a country's unique sociopolitical settings into account. Iran was one of the regions hit hardest by the pandemic, with mortality rates significantly higher than in most regions of the world. Though globally the victims of influenza lived primarily in urban areas, it was Iran's rural regions that suffered the most casualties. In addition, contrary to the prevailing notion that the 1918 influenza targeted the young and healthy, this paper suggests that famine, opium consumption, malaria, and anemia were fundamentally responsible for the high mortality in Iran.
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PMID:Compromised constitutions: the Iranian experience with the 1918 influenza pandemic. 1295 64

The incidence of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in women of child-bearing age is approximately 64 per 1000 population. The spectrum of illness ranges from acute bronchitis, which is very common, through influenza virus infection and exacerbations of underlying lung disease, to pneumonia, which, fortunately is uncommon (<1.5% LRTI), but can be severe. Acute bronchitis is generally mild, self-limiting and usually does not require antibacterial therapy. Influenza virus infection in pregnant women has been recently related to increased hospitalization for acute cardiorespiratory conditions. At present, the safety of the newer neuraminidase inhibitors for the treatment of influenza virus infection has not been established in pregnancy and they are not routinely recommended. In influenza virus infection complicated by pneumonia, antibacterial agents active against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae superinfection should be used. There are few data on infective complications of asthma or COPD in pregnancy. The latter is rare, as patients with COPD are usually male and aged over 45 years. Management is the same as for nonpregnant patients. The incidence and mortality of pneumonia in pregnancy is similar to that in nonpregnant patients. Infants born to pregnant patients with pneumonia have been found to be born earlier and weigh less than controls. Risk factors for the development of pneumonia include anemia, asthma and use of antepartum corticosteroids and tocolytic agents. Based on the few available studies, the main pathogens causing pneumonia are S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and viruses. Beta-Lactam and macrolide antibiotics therefore remain the antibiotics of choice in terms of both pathogen coverage and safety in pregnancy. In HIV-infected pregnant patients, recurrent bacterial pneumonia, but not Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), is more common than in nonpregnant patients. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) has not definitely been associated with adverse clinical outcomes despite theoretical risks. Currently it is still the treatment of choice in PCP, where mortality remains high. In conclusion, there are few data specifically related to pregnant women with different types of LRTI. Where data are available, no significant differences compared with nonpregnant patients have been identified. In considering the use of any therapeutic agent or investigation in pregnant patients with LRTI, safety aspects must be carefully weighed against potential benefit. Otherwise, management strategies should not differ from those for nonpregnant patients. Further research in this area is warranted.
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PMID:Treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections during pregnancy. 1472 4

Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is the causative agent of infections in farmed Atlantic salmon. ISAV presumably represents a new genus within the Orthomyxoviridae. ISAV has been shown earlier to exhibit a receptor-destroying activity, which was defined as an acetylesterase with unknown specificity. We have analyzed the substrate specificity of the ISAV esterase in detail. Purified ISAV hydrolyzed free 5-N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl neuraminic acid. In addition, the purified 9-O-acetylated sialic acid derivative was also hydrolyzed, but at lower rates. When we used a glycosidically bound substrate, ISAV was unable to hydrolyze 9-O-acetylated sialic acid, which represents the major substrate for the influenza C virus esterase. ISAV completely de-O-acetylated glycoprotein-bound 5-N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl neuraminic acid. Thus, the enzymatic activity of the hemagglutinin-esterase of ISAV is comparable to that of the sialate-4-O-esterases of murine coronaviruses and related group 2 coronaviruses. In addition, we found that ISAV specifically binds to glycoproteins containing 4-O-acetylated sialic acids. Both the ISAV esterase and recombinant rat coronavirus esterase specific for 4-O-acetylated sialic acids hydrolyzed ISAV receptors on horse and rabbit erythrocytes, indicating that this sialic acid represents a receptor determinant for ISAV.
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PMID:Infectious salmon anemia virus specifically binds to and hydrolyzes 4-O-acetylated sialic acids. 1499 Jul 24

The skeletal complications of metastatic bone disease secondary to advanced prostate cancer result in significant morbidity. In particular, pathologic fractures often require clinical intervention and are independent predictors of mortality in men with advanced prostate cancer. Before the introduction of zoledronic acid, bisphosphonates had been shown to provide pain palliation in patients with prostate cancer and bone metastases but were not efficacious in preventing skeletal complications. Zoledronic acid is the first bisphosphonate to show efficacy in reducing skeletal complications associated with the predominantly osteoblastic bone lesions characteristic of prostate cancer. In a large phase III randomized trial, zoledronic acid 4 mg every 3 weeks for 15 months significantly reduced the percentage of men who experienced a skeletal complication and reduced the incidence of pathologic fractures. Additionally, zoledronic acid 4 mg significantly decreased the annual incidence of skeletal complications, including fractures, and provided better control of bone pain compared with placebo. Adverse events with zoledronic acid were primarily limited to the flu-like, acute-phase symptoms previously reported with intravenous bisphosphonates, namely fever, myalgia, nausea, and anemia. These adverse events were mild to moderate and easily managed with supportive care. Zoledronic acid is the first and only bisphosphonate shown to reduce skeletal morbidity, including fractures, in patients with advanced prostate cancer and bone metastases.
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PMID:Zoledronic acid significantly reduces pathologic fractures in patients with advanced-stage prostate cancer metastatic to bone. 1504 89

A 51-year-old man became jaundiced, after experiencing flu-like symptoms for a week. On admission anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic and renal function disorders were present. One month previously he had had sinusitis. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)/haemolitic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) was suspected, but the thrombocyte count rose spontaneously. The leukocytosis indicated an infectious cause of the symptoms and the jaundice appeared to originate from intrahepatic cholestasis. All symptoms could be traced to leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica (known as 'Weil's disease'). The source was possibly the patient's fishpond. He recovered spontaneously and was also treated with antibiotics. Leptospirosis, a multi-organ disease is seen ever more infrequently as an occupational disease in stock farmers and increasingly frequently in people whose hobbies involved animals.
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PMID:[Clinical reasoning and decision-making in practice. A man with jaundice, renal function disorder, thrombocytopenia, muscular pain and confusion]. 1521 63

The patient was a 55 year-old-woman with chronic renal failure due to idiopathic mesngial deposition of Ig A. She received a second allograft of a kidney from a cadaver. Results of a preoperative serologic Ig G tests for EBV and CMV were positive. She was given triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy, consisting of cyclosporine,azathioprine, and steroids. Seven years later, azathioprine was changed to mycophenolate mofetil. One year later, she was admitted to the hospital with a three to four week history of vertigo (which did not improve after sulpiride was administrated) and an influenza-like syndrome. A CT scan of the brain appeared normal, so paroxysmal positional vertigo was the diagnosis. Two weeks after admission to the hospital, the patient reported visual hallucinations and impairment of consciousness. Results of laboratory tests were leukocyte increase (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), anemia, hyponatremia and renal failure. Chest radiography, brain CT, and electroencephalography revealed no pathologic signs. The CSF examination revealed 300 cells/ml (79% PMNL), glucose 63 mg/dl, protein 45 mg/dl. Six hours later the treatment was initiated with ampicillin, ceftriaxone and ganciclovir iv, she experienced seizures that affected the left side of her body, but without interictal recovery. The patient required intubation and mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. An MRI of the brain images, revealed high signal-intensity regions indicating lesions on the bulb, protuberance, mesencephalon, left thalamus and parenchyma adjacent to the corpus callosum (fig. 1). Six days later, the patient partially recovered consciousness, and she had not neurologic sequelae. Intubation was terminated. As soon as PCR revealed EBV DNA in CSF samples, the treatment with ceftriaxone and ampicillin was discontinued. Treatment with ganciclovir was maintained for 8 weeks (4 weeks with iv and another 4 weeks with oral treatment). On day 35, the examination of a specimen of CSF revealed: glucose 46, protein 78, 15 cells/ml (100% lymphocytes). The patient went home on day 55 after admission to our hospital. She regained her normal neurologic function. Three weeks later MRI, showed reduction of the size of the lesions and the lesions on the brain stem had disappeared.
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PMID:[Encephalitis in a renal transplantation patient]. 1521 63

Malaria remains a major challenge to global public health, with morbidity and mortality rates being highest in African children infected with Plasmodium falciparum . All four species of human malaria may initially present as a nonspecific flu-like illness, whereas P. falciparum infection in nonimmune young children has a tendency to progress rapidly to life-threatening illness. These factors, together with the increasing emergence of multi-drug resistance, pose substantial challenges to current efforts to provide prompt and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, particularly to the rural poor who are most affected by malaria. Acute episodes of severe malaria, repeated malaria infections leading to severe anemia, and infection during pregnancy which predisposes to low birth weight, a major risk factor for neonatal death, account for the majority of malaria-related deaths in young African children. Improved prevention and control strategies targeted at each of these clinical syndromes have been developed and are reviewed in this article. Coverage of protective measures of known safety and efficacy (insecticide-treated nets, Intermittent Preventive Treatment) remains alarmingly low in most high-burden areas. The growing global commitment to rapidly increase and sustain coverage among the most vulnerable populations, along with renewed investment in research to hasten the development of effective vaccines, antimalarial drugs, and insecticides, provides a unique opportunity to markedly reduce the burden of disease during the current decade.
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PMID:Prevention and treatment of malaria in young African children. 1548 Sep 63

The effects of severe and moderate iron deficiency upon the antibody response to influenza virus were investigated in rats. Three groups of weanling male Wistar rats were fed one of two iron-deficient diets (5 mg and 15 mg iron/kg diet) or a normal iron-containing diet (35 mg iron/kg diet). A group of individually pair-fed rats was introduced with the low iron-consuming rats. The effects of the diets upon various iron status parameters were followed during the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th week of diet. After 4 weeks of feeding different diets, an intraperitoneal injection of inactivated influenza virus A/New Jersey/76 was performed and a recall injection was done at 5 weeks. Primary and secondary antibody responses were assayed. Rats were sacrificed at 7 weeks of diet. After 4 weeks of feeding different diets, the rats fed the 5 mg iron/kg diet were severely anemic and rats fed 15 mg iron/kg diet were moderately iron-deficient, as shown by their iron status parameters. Growth was delayed in anemic and matched pair-fed rats. A primary antibody response was almost nonexistent in all groups. Secondary antibody titers were significantly weaker in anemic rats than in ad libitum controls, but were not different from those of pair-fed rats. This response was similar in moderately iron-deficient, ad libitum, and pair-fed rats. These results show that antibody synthesis in response to the influenza virus vaccine is preserved in moderate iron deficiency but is reduced in severe anemia. The reduction in energy consumption associated with severe iron deficiency in the rat could play a part in the altered humoral response.
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PMID:Effects of iron deficiency upon the antibody response to influenza virus in rats. 1553 82

Since the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989, significant advances have been made in our understanding of this important viral pathogen. Children at risk for HCV infection include recipients of potentially contaminated blood products and organ transplants, and infants born to HCV-infected mothers. Chronic HCV infection is usually asymptomatic in children but active hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma can occur. The development of treatment strategies for chronic hepatitis C in children has directly evolved from clinical trials in adults. Sustained virologic response, defined by undetectable HCV RNA in serum 24 wk after completion of treatment, occurs in approximately 36% of children treated with conventional interferon alone and in about 50% of those given conventional interferon in combination with ribavirin. Pegylated interferon-based treatment regimens are better than those based on conventional interferon in adults but little is known about pegylated interferon in children. Factors associated with a favorable response to antiviral therapy in children are similar to those in adults and include infection with HCV genotype 2 or 3 and low pretreatment serum HCV RNA levels. Treatment related adverse events in children include 'flu-like' syndrome, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, depression, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
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PMID:Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children. 1559 40


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