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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The single-stranded DNA parvoviruses occur in humans and many species of animals. In general, they are species-specific and capable of producing disease at any stage of life. Parvoviruses have a requirement to replicate in cells in a permissive S-phase of DNA mitosis. The infections may be cytolytic to select cell groups resulting in specific developmental defects or may produce more generalized effects such as anemia, pancytopenia, or hemorrhage. The fetus is at particular risk for damage because of the vast number of cells in active mitosis. The teratogenic effects may be severe, often resulting in fetal death. Infections in childhood and adulthood are more frequently mild to subclinical. Some of the teratogenic effects recognized in animal species have been identified in humans. With increased knowledge of parvovirus effects in animals, more pathogenic effects may be related to human parvoviral disease. The need for vaccination, currently used annually in many domestic animal species, continues to be evaluated for humans.
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PMID:Fetal damage caused by parvoviral infections. 803 27

A study of the effects of malaria infection on the progress and outcome of pregnancy was carried out during 1987-88 in the Medical College Hospital, Surat, Gujarat. Pregnant women were highly susceptible to the infection (SPR, 57.7) compared to the general population (SPR, 18.6). P. falciparum infection was predominant (62.4%). The infection rate was also found to be higher (SPR, 72.2%) in second trimester compared to first and third semesters. Primigravidae seemed to be at a greater risk as the mean parasitaemia level was higher (39%) and the outcome poor as compared to multigravidae (29%). Infection during pregnancy caused severe maternal complications like abortion (9.7%), premature labour (59.6%), and still-births (5.7%), which were higher in P. falciparum infection. Microcytic anaemia combined with dimorphic anaemia was predominant in the infected group (89.5%). Cord blood in 4 cases and on baby's blood were found positive for malaria parasite, showing transplacental passage of malaria parasites, which is rare. The infection was found to have a definite bearing on the low birth weight of babies. Chemoprophylaxis could obviate much of the complications.
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PMID:Effects of malaria infection on pregnancy. 803 9

The authors analysed bone marrow findings of sixteen cases of culture proven typhoid fever to reveal the pathologic changes according to the disease stage. The most frequent finding was chronic granulomatous inflammation (eight cases). Infection (bacteria) associated hemophagocytic syndrome (four cases), reactive marrow (two cases), and non specific findings (two cases) were also encountered. Granulocytic hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis appeared at the early stage and was followed by infection (bacteria) associated hemophagocytosis and granuloma in proliferative stage. In lysis (late) stage, granulomatous inflammation was noted. However, resolution of granulomatous inflammation was not distinct. Some nuclear debris and phagocytosis were remarkable in well-formed granulomas. Thrombocytopenia was the most remarkable peripheral blood finding at the time of biopsy. Anemia, leukopenia, and pancytopenia were also observed in descending order.
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PMID:Bone marrow pathology of culture proven typhoid fever. 806 20

Examinations were made on erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes, lymph nodes, thymus, haemal nodes and bone marrow in field cases of East Coast Fever (ECF) in Tanzania. Seventy-six clinically sick short-horn Zebu and Taurine-Zebu crosses, positive for Theileria parva piroplasms and schizonts and 55 apparently healthy cattle were studied. The syndrome observed was characterised by severe pancytopenia, with massive normocytic, normochromic anaemia, panleukopenia and thrombocytopenia, but no reticulocytes in peripheral blood. The erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentrations were greatly decreased compared with those of the healthy cattle. The means +/- SD (with values of healthy cattle in parentheses) were 2.85 +/- 1.10 (6.04 +/- 1.58) x 10(12) l-1, 2.78 +/- 1.70 (10.59 +/- 4.16) x 10(9) l-1, 0.19 +/- 0.06 (0.31 +/- 0.054)1 l-1 and 4.07 +/- 1.62 (7.29 +/- 1.39) mmol l-1 respectively. Lymphoproliferation was low, while lymphocyte destruction (lymphocytolysis) was high. There were very few small schizonts in parotid and prescapular glands. Lymphocytes were extensively destroyed in medullary cords, germinal centres of lymph nodules in cortex and paracortical regions of lymph nodes and haemal nodes. The bone marrow was hypocellular, with only a few haematopoietic precursor erythroid, granulocytic and thrombopoietic cell series. All stages of prorubriblasts and rubricytes had granulated nuclei, some with schizonts. Infection of erythrocytes by merozoites appeared to take place in precursor stages. The destruction of erythroblasts, rubricytes and other haematopoietic cells resulted in anaemia without reticulocytosis, haemoglobinuria and jaundice, accompanied by panleukopenia of extreme neutropenia, lymphopenia and eosinopenia. This indicated that this T. parva strain differs from previously described buffalo- or cattle-derived T. parva infections in causing both haemoproliferation and lymphoproliferation by extensive haematopoietic cell destruction and lymphocytolysis. In cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva infections, anaemia is normally mild and there are numerous large schizonts in the former.
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PMID:Severe anaemia due to haematopoietic precursor cell destruction in field cases of East Coast Fever in Tanzania. 807 8

We present a case of meningoencephalitis due to EBV in a 2-month-old infant, without mononucleosis, which persisted for more than 5 months. Evidence for persistence of the infection was provided by a convulsive disorder and prolonged CSF pleocytosis, combined with persistent moderate anemia. Despite the persistence of the infection, the child continued to develop normally. This case demonstrates that EBV meningoencephalitis occurring in young patients may present with only subtle clinical findings and may have a favorable prognosis.
Infection
PMID:Prolonged meningoencephalitis due to Epstein-Barr virus with favorable outcome in a young infant. 813 72

Infection and inflammation are common problems in patients with end-stage renal disease. Both conditions can interfere with normal erythropoiesis and lead to a worsening of anemia and a suboptimal response to Epoetin alfa therapy. By understanding the pathophysiologic effects of infection and inflammation, assessing the patient's clinical status, and analyzing relevant laboratory values, nurses can intervene early and minimize the impact of these conditions on hematocrit.
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PMID:Case study of the anemic patient: epoetin alfa--focus on inflammation. 814 37

Infection due to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common opportunistic disease of bacterial origin among patients with AIDS in the United States. The incidence of disseminated disease due to MAC (DMAC) has risen dramatically in recent years. The risk of developing DMAC increases as the CD4+ lymphocyte count declines to < 100/mm3. Preliminary analyses of several studies suggest that gender, racial or ethnic group, and individual risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection do not influence the incidence of DMAC but that prior Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, the development of severe anemia, or the interruption of antiretroviral therapy may increase risk. Both the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts probably serve as portals of entry for MAC. Colonization may potentiate the risk of DMAC but does not always precede dissemination. Patients with AIDS and DMAC have a shorter duration of survival than do those with AIDS but without DMAC. While treatment for DMAC may extend survival, no well-controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trial has documented this point. Most patients with AIDS and DMAC have disseminated multiorgan disease; the most frequently described symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss or wasting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The most commonly identified laboratory abnormalities are anemia and elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase. Localized disease syndromes related to MAC infection occur less often.
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PMID:Disease due to the Mycobacterium avium complex in patients with AIDS: epidemiology and clinical syndrome. 820 73

We discuss here our experience with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in 446 HIV-positive patients. MAC was found in 13 cases (2.9%): 10 males, 3 females, age range 21-47 years. Infection was disseminated in 10 cases and limited to the lung in 3. CD4+ cells were, on average, 48 per microliters. At clinical onset, all patients suffered from fever and weight loss, 10 from anemia, and 5 from diarrhea. MAC was found in its disseminated form in cultures of blood (10 patients), stool (5 patients) and urine (1 patient). Broncho-alveolar lavage seemed to be the most specific diagnostic method for lung infection. Twelve patients were treated with a multi-drug regimen consisting of an association of 4 or 5 antibiotics, selected on the basis of antibiogram, from the following: clofazimine, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol, isoniazid, amikacin and piazofolin. Mean survival of patients was 91.7%, 83.4%, 71.8% and 58.4% at 4, 5, 6 and 7 months of treatment respectively. Although the mean survival of the treated group is similar to that of untreated patients, multi-drug therapy seems to improve quality of life inasmuch as it brings temperature to normal and enables weight gain. Dissemination was never observed after treatment in patients with pulmonary infection only.
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PMID:[Retrospective study of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. 821 80

Morbidity patterns were studied according to the age, area of living, sex and season among 1476 monthly followed infants born during 1984-1987 in four socio-economically different areas in Lahore, Pakistan. Infections were responsible for 87.0% of the morbidity during the first two years of life. The overall monthly based morbidity was 77.0% between birth and 24 months of age; diarrhoeal diseases 30.3%, upper and lower acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) 22.4%, skin and eye infections 6.7% and skin rash 6.2%. The vaccine-preventable diseases were only 0.5% of the total. Anaemia and rickets were rare (2.0%), but commonly seen among the nutritional deficiencies. Diarrhoea, tetanus, septicaemia, ARI and infections of the skin and eyes were reported more during earlier ages and from the three poorer areas of living. Diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory tract, skin and eye infections, in particular, followed clear seasonal patterns, while scabies prevailed throughout the year. The presence of these many preventable infections and illnesses implies that proper planning of interventions must be forthcoming.
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PMID:Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: VI. Morbidity. 821 68

The prevalence of feline thrombocytopenia (< 200,000 platelets/microL) at North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, from January 1985 to March 1990, was 1.2% (41/3300). Cats were divided into six categories based on clinical diagnoses: 29% (12/41) had infectious disease, 20% (8/41) had neoplasia, 7% (3/41) had cardiac disease, 2% (1/41) had primary immune-mediated disease, 22% (9/41) had multiple diseases, and 20% (8/41) had disorders of unknown etiology. The mean platelet count for all thrombocytopenic cats was 52,000/microL +/- 46,000/microL (1 SD) with a range of 1000-190,000/microL. No significant differences were found between groups with respect to platelet count, packed cell volume, or white blood cell count, though anemia and leukopenia were common among the cats as a whole. Bleeding disorders (hemorrhage or thrombosis) were observed in 29% (12/41) of thrombocytopenic cats and were more likely to be associated with neoplasia, cardiac disease, and platelet counts less than or equal to 30,000/microL. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was diagnosed in 12% (5/41) of the cats. Infections and/or neoplasia affecting the bone marrow were the most common diseases associated with thrombocytopenia. Feline leukemia virus and myeloproliferative neoplasia accounted for approximately 44% (18/41) of the specific diagnoses in thrombocytopenic cats.
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PMID:Thrombocytopenia in cats: a retrospective study of 41 cases. 826 43


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