Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An African lioness from the Zoo of Zurich had to be euthanized because of an inoperable tumor. The serum tested negative for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but was strongly positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies by ELISA and Western blot. When her only offspring and mate were tested for FIV, high antibody titers to FIV were also found in their serum. Lymphocytes were prepared from these two lions on different occasions and co-cultivated with specific pathogen free (SPF) cat lymphocytes in the presence of concanavalin A and recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 6 weeks. The cell culture supernatants tested negative for Mg(2+)-dependent reverse transcriptase and FIV p24 by a double antibody sandwich ELISA throughout the culture period. Whole blood and buffy coat cells collected from these two lions were transmitted by intraperitoneal injection into two SPF cats. The two cats did not seroconvert for a period of 11 months nor could reverse transcriptase activity and FIV p24 antigen be demonstrated in the supernatant of several lymphocyte cultures. To determine the importance of lentivirus infections in zoo-kept wild felids, 124 serum samples were obtained from African lions, Indian and Siberian tigers, snow leopards, panthers, cheetahs and other wild cats from nine European zoos. In addition, serum samples collected from 12 Asiatic lions originating from Gir forest in the Indian State of Gujarat were included in this study. The sera were tested for antibodies to FIV, FeLV and feline syncytium-forming virus (FeSFV) by ELISA and Western blot using the respective viruses after gradient purification. In addition, some of the sera were also tested for antibodies to equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and Visna-Maedi virus (VMV). Antibodies to FIV were found in 30/53 (57%) of African lions, one of 18 tigers and one of four panthers. All other sera including those collected from the 12 Asiatic lions were negative for FIV antibodies. Some of the FIV positive lion sera had high antibody titers producing strong bands on Western blot strips even in dilutions of >> 1:1000. The Western blot pattern of the lion sera differed from that of domestic cats in that primarily p24 and to a lesser degree p17 was recognized. Antibodies to FeSFV were found in 14 animals (seven with strong, seven with intermediate, reaction). No correlation was found between FIV and FeSFV infection. Antibodies to FeLV were found in two cheetahs which later turned out to have been vaccinated with Leukocell, a FeLV vaccine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Retrovirus infections in non-domestic felids: serological studies and attempts to isolate a lentivirus. 133 98

B19 infection offers some general lessons about human viruses and their possible effects on the human host, as follows: (1) Ubiquitous apparently benign viruses may have severe effects on a compromised host. The virus may be invariable but the host can have diverse susceptibilities. (2) B19 and some other human viruses (though for none is the evidence so clear as for B19) have narrowly targetted effects. The host cell of B19 is a specialised progenitor of mature red cells: impairment of the function of this cell by B19 may cause profound anaemia. (3) The 'normal' host response to B19 may also cause disease, though this is self limiting. (4) The effects of malfunction of the virus' target cell are exacerbated when the immune response is impaired by congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, immunosuppressive therapy or, in the case of the fetus, developmental immaturity that allows the virus to persist.
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PMID:Human B19 parvovirus infection: an example of multiple pathogenic effects determined by differences in host susceptibility. 134 9

To evaluate the incidence of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection (DMAC) and to define the association between signs and symptoms and development of DMAC in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, all cases of DMAC at Grady Memorial Hospital Infectious Disease Clinic (Atlanta) between 1985 and 1990 were reviewed, and a prospective study of the association of symptoms with DMAC was done. Between 1985 and 1990, DMAC occurred in 16% of patients with AIDS. Incidence increased from 5.7% in 1985-1988 to 23.3% in 1989-1990 (P less than .001). Median time from AIDS diagnosis to diagnosis of DMAC increased from 4.5 months in 1985-1988 to 8 months in 1989-1990 (P less than .02). In the prospective study, DMAC was seen only in persons with a CD4+ count less than 100 cells/mm3 and was associated with fever (P less than .03), anemia (P less than .001), weight loss (P less than .01), diarrhea (P less than .01), and elevated alkaline phosphatase (P less than .01). It is recommended that all such HIV-infected persons have mycobacterial blood cultures done.
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PMID:Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection: clinical identification and epidemiologic trends. 134 60

The signs that may arise after perinatal infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been classified by the Centers for Disease Control, but the clinical usefulness of the classification system and the prognostic importance of each disease pattern have not been established. We sought to address these issues by analysing data from the Italian Register for HIV infection in children. We studied 1887 children born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers. 1045 were identified at birth and the others were registered later (median age 4.8 [range 0.4-72] months). HIV-1-associated signs developed in 433 (81.8%) of 529 seropositive infected children at a median age of 5 (0.03-84) months. These signs appeared significantly earlier in the 102 children who died of HIV-1-related illness than in those who are still alive (median 3 [0.03-55] vs 6 [0.03-84] months; p less than 0.001). The cumulative proportion surviving at age 9 years was 49.5% (95% confidence interval 27-65%) and the median survival time was 96.2 months. Separate analysis of the 112 seropositive infected children followed from birth and older than 15 months gave similar results. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, parotitis, skin diseases, and recurrent respiratory tract infections formed the mildest disease pattern. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis and thrombocytopenia were signs of intermediate disease. By contrast, in multivariate analysis specific secondary infectious diseases, severe bacterial infections, progressive neurological disease, anaemia, and fever were significant and independent negative predictors of survival. Growth failure, persistent oral candidosis, hepatitis, and cardiopathy were associated in univariate analysis with significantly shorter survival. Our findings suggest that the outlook for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection is better than previously thought and that a new clinical staging system of single disease patterns is needed.
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PMID:Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. The Italian Register for HIV Infections in Children. 134 67

To determine the incidence and natural history of Mycobacterium avium-complex infections in persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we studied a multicenter cohort of 1,020 persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or the AIDS-related complex (ARC) and CD4 cell count < 0.250 x 10(9)/L initially treated with zidovudine between April 1987 and April 1988. M. avium-complex infections developed in 123 (12%) patients during follow-up, with a 2-yr actuarial risk of 19%. Patients with an initial diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were more likely to develop M. avium-complex infections than patients with an initial diagnosis of another opportunistic disease or of ARC (p = 0.002). Individuals developing M. avium-complex infections had lower baseline CD4 cell counts, hematocrits, lymphocyte counts, and total white blood cell counts than those who did not develop M. avium-complex infection. During follow-up, individuals who developed M. avium-complex infections were more likely to have severe anemia, to experience zidovudine dose reductions, and to die than were patients without M. avium-complex (p < 0.001). By proportional hazards analysis, a baseline CD4 cell count < 0.100 x 10(9)/L, development of severe anemia, P. carinii pneumonia during follow-up, and zidovudine dose interruption were significantly associated with subsequently developing M. avium-complex infection. A proportional hazards analysis of survival showed that M. avium-complex infection, severe anemia, zidovudine dose interruption, occurrence of an opportunistic infection, CD4 cell count < 0.100 x 10(9)/L, baseline AIDS diagnosis, and transfusion independently predicted an increased risk of death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Incidence and natural history of Mycobacterium avium-complex infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease treated with zidovudine. The Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group. 136 34

We describe here a detailed analysis of the antigenic determinants of the surface unit glycoprotein (gp90) of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), using a comprehensive panel of synthetic peptides in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with immune serum from naturally and experimentally infected horses and with a panel of gp90-specific neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The results of these studies identify immunoreactive segments throughout the conserved and variable domains of gp90 but localize immunodominant (100% reactivity) determinants to the amino and carboxyl termini of the glycoprotein molecule. Analysis of peptide reactivities with longitudinal serum samples taken from experimentally infected ponies revealed that antibody responses to conserved B-cell determinants appeared earlier and at higher titers than do antibodies specific for determinants contained in the variable domain of gp90. These observations suggest an evolution of antibody responses in EIAV-infected ponies that may correspond to the establishment of immunological control of virus replication and disease routinely observed in EIAV infections. In addition, the mapping of monoclonal antibody epitopes to peptides of 9 to 12 amino acids demonstrated that all of the neutralizing epitopes are located in the variable domain of gp90. The arrangement of neutralizing epitopes and critical structural considerations suggest that EIAV gp90 contains a principal neutralizing domain similar to the V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. These antigenic analyses provide an important foundation for further analyzing the protective immune response generated during persistent EIAV infections and also provide potential peptide substrates for diagnostic assays and for vaccine strategies.
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PMID:Detailed mapping of the antigenicity of the surface unit glycoprotein of equine infectious anemia virus by using synthetic peptide strategies. 137 May 56

Great strides have been made in the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently approved drugs include zidovudine and didanosine. A third drug, dideoxycytidine (zalcitibine), has recently been filed for approval with the Food and Drug Administration. All these drugs work through inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Zidovudine is the only drug that has shown clinical efficacy against HIV. Treatment of patients with advanced HIV disease (i.e., acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS] or symptomatic infection with < 200 CD4+ lymphocytes per mm3), results in a prolongation and improved quality of life. Zidovudine is the only antiretroviral agent approved for the treatment of asymptomatic patients. Early intervention with zidovudine has been shown to delay progression to AIDS when patients' CD4+ lymphocyte counts decline to less than 500/mm3, irrespective of clinical signs or symptoms of HIV infection. Didanosine is currently indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced HIV disease who are intolerant to or failing zidovudine therapy. The major toxicity of zidovudine is bone marrow suppression with anemia and granulocytopenia (which occurs in from 1% to 45% of patients, depending on the clinical stage of disease and the dose of the drug). Didanosine and zalcitibine have both been associated with a severe peripheral neuropathy, which is generally reversible on cessation of the drug. In addition, didanosine has been implicated as a cause of pancreatitis that has been fatal in a small percentage of cases. The toxicities of didanosine and zalcitibine range from 1% to 10%, depending on dose, duration of therapy, and the presence of underlying HIV-related peripheral neuropathy or a previous history of pancreatitis. The clinical hallmark of HIV infection is the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies, which are a consequence of the profound immunodeficiency. The risk of an opportunistic infection increases significantly as the T-helper lymphocyte count declines to less than 20%, or 200 to 250/mm3. The spectrum of opportunistic infections ranges from viruses to protozoa. Patients with advanced HIV disease are also at increased risk of infection with nonopportunistic, community-acquired pathogens. Primary and secondary prophylaxis against the most common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, is now recommended. Studies are currently underway to determine the efficacy of prophylaxis against other opportunistic pathogens. Treatment of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS has improved significantly over the past 5 years as new drugs and combination regimens of antimicrobials have been developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:AIDS: Part II. 139 36

Clinicopathological analysis was performed in 19 patients diagnosed clinically with malignant histiocytosis. Ultimately, 9 patients died and 10 are still alive. All 19 had fever of unknown origin. Among the 10 surviving patients, 6 recovered with only supportive therapy such as antibiotic treatment. One recovered with steroid therapy and 2 with VP (vincristine and prednisolone) therapy. Complications due to immunodeficiency were detected in one surviving patient and 2 who died. All 9 patients who died had anemia, and 8 had thrombocytopenia. However, among survivors, only one had anemia and only 2 had thrombocytopenia. Chromosomal abnormality was detected in one patient who died. Histiocytic cells were classified morphologically into 3 types: immature, intermediate and mature. In 4 patients who died, histiocytic cells were immature, but in 4 others mature histiocytic cells were detected. In 5 of the 10 surviving patients, histiocytic cells were of the immature type. Immuno-histochemical analysis of the origin of histiocytic cells in 8 deceased patients showed T-zone histiocytes in one, T cells in one, monocyte phagocytic system (MPS) in 5, and histiocytes of unknown origin in one. Thus, malignant histiocytosis is a heterogenous entity including reactive histiocytic disorder, lymphocytic neoplasm and true histiocytic neoplasm. In histiocyte proliferative disorders, red blood cell counts and platelet counts are useful for assessing prognosis, while cytological findings only confuse this evaluation.
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PMID:[Evaluation of clinical features, cytopathological findings and prognosis of histiocyte proliferative disorders]. 140 58

Thirty-two (18%) of 181 children cared for at our institution who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were first seen, and HIV was diagnosed, when they were 4 years of age and older. Initial complaints or diagnoses for these children included the following: hematologic disorders (5) (3 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 1 neutropenia, 1 anemia); recurrent bacterial infections (10); Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (3); developmental delay (1); skin disorders (2) (1 genital wart, 1 chronic zoster); weight loss (3); malignancy (1); and nephropathy (1). Eight children were referred for evaluation because of maternal HIV-1 infection. The risk factors for HIV-1 infection included maternal/perinatal exposure (22), perinatal blood transfusion (6), blood transfusion during infancy (2), and sexual abuse (2). Ten (31%) of the 32 children have subsequently died. The longest survival from perinatal infection was 12 years. HIV-1 infection in children can result in a prolonged clinical latency and can masquerade as other pathologic conditions. The absence of clinical symptoms in older children at risk for HIV-1 infection should not deter HIV testing.
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PMID:Delayed recognition of human immunodeficiency virus infection in preadolescent children. 140 40

We report characteristics of 16 college students with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who received care at a student health center at a major university in California. Sociodemographic and clinical data and medical expenditures were obtained retrospectively from medical charts and computerized billing records. All 16 students were men who had sex with men, and 3 had also used intravenous drugs. Dermatologic conditions, upper respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal conditions, anemia, lymphadenopathy, sexually transmitted diseases, and ophthalmologic conditions were more frequent among HIV-infected students than among the general student population using the health center. On average, HIV-infected students visited the student health service about 3 times more often and incurred charges about 10 times higher than the general population of students visiting the health center. Student health centers, which have been at the forefront of developing strategies for HIV prevention, education, and counseling, must also develop treatment programs for HIV-infected students.
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PMID:Health care use by human immunodeficiency virus-infected students at a California student health service. 141 41


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