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Query: UMLS:C0002871 (anemia)
 52,094 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hemolysis can be induced by two general mechanisms. In the first one, erythrocytes lyse intravascularly due to complement fixation, trauma, or other extrinsic factors. In the second mechanism, which is the most common, the red cells are removed from the circulation by the mononuclear-phagocytic system either because they are intrinsically defective or because of the presence of bound immunoglobulins to their surfaces. The diagnosis of hemolysis is not difficult to establish and is based on the presence of anemia with sustained reticulocytosis in the absence of blood loss. Additional findings can include marrow erythroid hyperplasia; increased unconjugated bilirubin, LDH, and free hemoglobin; decreased haptoglobin and hemopexin; hemoglobinuria and hemosiderinuria; and decreased 51Cr red cell half-life. Hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and hemosiderinuria occur only in the setting of severe and rapid intravascular hemolysis. Conditions associated with significant lysis of red cells in the circulation include incompatible transfusion, G6PD deficiency, PNH, severe burns, and certain infections. The morphology of the red cell is abnormal in almost all cases of hemolytic anemia. However, the morphologic abnormality can be, in certain cases, diagnostic of the underlying condition. Treatment is usually supportive, with effective therapy directed to treat the underlying cause of hemolysis.
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PMID:Hemolytic anemias. Diagnosis and management. 157 62

The hemic system is examined to evaluate clinical signs referable to the hemic system, establish a data base, or monitor the course of disease processes. Clinical signs of hemic disorders include pale mucous membranes, icterus, hemorrhage, hemoglobinuria, and tachycardia. Compared to other species, ruminants have small red blood cells, respond to anemia by releasing stippled red blood cells, commonly become neutropenic during acute bacterial sepsis, and fail to develop marked neutrophilia or left shift in response to inflammation.
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PMID:Assessment of the hematopoietic system in ruminants. 164 70

A 78-year-old female suffered from idiopathic paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). Her symptom occurred immediately after she worked outside in the cold early morning. This case is characterized by the eldest case with non-syphilitic PCH reported in Japan and by the most advanced anemia (Hb 4.2 g/dl) possibly due to prolonged hemolysis after cold exposure. Analysis of the serum revealed positive Donath-Landsteiner antibody of IgG type, which could react to hemolysis not only below 15 degrees C but also at 15-20 degrees C in vitro.
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PMID:[Adult type of idiopathic paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria]. 175 60

Acute anaemia was induced in calves aged 1 week, using the oxidant chemical phenylhydrazine-hydrochloride (PHH). The hematoclinical responses to graded doses were evaluated. Mild anaemia was observed with the 60 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) dose. The 100 mg/kg B.W. dose was too toxic. The sublethal 80 mg/kg B.W. dose produced the desired type of hemolytic anaemia, the peak of which being observed on d 4 post-injection (p.i.). Hemolytic anaemia was evidenced by hemoglobinaemia and hemoglobinuria. The acute toxicity symptoms lasted for about 30 min. Thereafter, the animals appeared to overcome the stress. In general, increases in pulse and respiration coincided with progress of the hemolytic syndrome. Peak response occurred 48 to 60 h p.i.
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PMID:Hemato-clinical changes in phenylhydrazine-induced acute hemolytic anaemia in calves. 178 29

Although it was common in the preantibiotic era, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is now an exceptional condition. A 34-year-old female with anemia and episodic hemoglobinuria provoked by cold is reported. The laboratory studies suggested intravascular hemolytic anemia, and the Donath-Landsteiner test showed a biphasic IgG hemolysin with anti-P specificity. This finding and the evidence of latent syphilis were diagnostic of PCH. Penicillin therapy suppressed the hemolytic episodes, although the Donath-Landsteiner test is still positive. It is concluded that PCH is still an exisiting disease which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of episodic hemoglobinuria.
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PMID:[Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria: only in the textbooks?]. 204 31

It is sometimes necessary for the practitioner to transfuse the ruminant with whole blood or plasma. These techniques are often difficult to perform in practice and are time-consuming, expensive, and stressful to the animal. Acute loss of 20-25% of the blood volume will result in marked clinical signs of anemia, including tachycardia and maniacal behavior. The PCV is only a useful tool with which to monitor acute blood loss after intravascular equilibration with other fluid compartments has occurred. An acutely developing PCV of 15% or less may require transfusion. Chronic anemia with PCV of 7-12% can be tolerated without transfusion if the animal is not stressed and no further decline in erythrocyte mass occurs. Seventy-five per cent of transfused bovine erythrocytes are destroyed within 48 hours of transfusion. A transfusion rate of 10-20 ml/kg, recipient weight, is necessary to result in any appreciable increase in PCV. A nonpregnant donor can contribute 10-15 ml of blood/kg body weight at 2-4 week intervals. Sodium citrate is an effective anticoagulant, but acid citrate dextrose should be used if blood is to be stored for more than a few hours. Blood should not be stored more than 2 weeks prior to administration. Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant because the quantity of heparin required for clot-free blood collection will lead to coagulation defects in the recipient. Blood crossmatching is only rarely performed in the ruminant. In field situations, it is advisable to inject 200 ml of donor blood into the adult recipient and wait 10 minutes. If no reaction occurs, the rest of the blood can probably be safely administered as long as volume overload problems do not develop. Adverse reactions are most commonly seen in very young animals or pregnant cattle. Signs of blood or plasma transfusion reaction include hiccoughing, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, muscle tremors, pruritus, salivation, cough, dyspnea, fever, lacrimation, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, collapse, apnea, and opisthotonos. Intravenous epinephrine HCl 1:1000 can be administered (0.2 to 0.5 ml) intravenously or (4 to 5 ml) intramuscularly if clinical signs are severe. Pretreatment with antipyretics and slowing the administration rate may decrease the febrile response. Blood or plasma administered too rapidly will also result in signs of cardiovascular overload, acute heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension and edema. Furosemide and slower administration of blood or plasma should alleviate this problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Use of blood and blood products. 217 38

In order to develop an artificial model of caval syndrome (dirofilarial hemoglobinuria), heartworm-like silicone tubes were inserted into the tricuspid valve orifice and right atrium of dogs. Fifteen to 25 tubes with some knots were inserted through the posterior vena cava in 6 dogs (knot-tube group), 7 to 12 tubes without knot (small-number group) through the jugular vein in another 5 dogs, or 25 to 35 tubes (large-number group) in yet another 5 dogs. The tubes remained in the right atrium, and a part of them protruded into the tricuspid valve orifice. The number of tubes at the tricuspid valve orifice was the greatest in the large-number group. After tube insertion, the signs of so-called "caval syndrome", such as systolic cardiac murmur, jugular pulse, anemia, and so on, were observed in almost all cases of the 3 groups, the signs were severest in the large-number group. Urine hemoglobin was detected in almost all cases of the knot-tube and large-number groups, and in 1 case in the small-number group. Ascites was observed in 1 case of the knot-tube group at 6 weeks, in 1 case of the small-number group at 7 days and in 3 cases of the large-number group at 7 days after insertion.
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PMID:Development of artificial model of caval syndrome in canine heartworm disease. 228 Apr 87

Human parvovirus B19 is known to cause aplastic crisis in patients with hemolytic anemias due to cytotoxic effect of the infection to erythroid progenitor cells. We report here the first case of aplastic crisis by B19 in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. A five-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital because of severe anemia, fever and jaundice. Four weeks after admission, he developed erythema infectiosum. B19 infection was confirmed using countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, Southern blotting and hybridization method, and radioimmunoassay for B19 specific IgM. B19 virus antigen was detected by an indirect immunofluorescent method in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of large mononuclear cells that had no granules in bone marrow. On admission, the hemoglobin was 3.1 g/dl and no reticulocytes were detected in the peripheral blood smear. Bone marrow examination revealed a normocellular marrow with erythroid hypoplasia and M/E ratio of 7.38. Large basophilic erythroblasts containing vacuoles were also noticed. Elevation of indirect bilirubin and hemoglobinuria suggested intravascular hemolysis. Transient mild thrombocytopenia associated with increased PAIgG was observed. It is likely that B19 virus infection caused hemolysis which contributed to severe anemia.
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PMID:[Aplastic crisis due to human parvovirus B19 infection in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]. 255 69

A 37-year-old male was diagnosed as having chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMMoL) with chief complaint of systemic lymph node swelling. On admission, his peripheral blood revealed mild anemia and mild thrombocytopenia with giant platelets, and monocytosis (1480/microliters). NAP score was low. Serum lysozyme increased. The bone marrow showed normal cellularity consisting of 4% myeloblasts and 14.4% promyelocytes, and a few myeloid cells were positive for double staining by alpha-naphthyl butyrate and naphthol ASD chloroacetate esterase. Biopsied specimens of the cervical lymph node showed infiltration of monocytoid cells, which were positive for lysozyme staining, into interfollicular tissue. As for chromosome variation, 21 large satellite was observed in all dividing cells from his bone marrow and peripheral blood. Furthermore, hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria developed during his course. Sugar water test was positive, but Ham test negative. Coombs test and Donath-Landsteiner reaction were negative. Abnormal hemoglobin, spherocyte and fragmentation were not found. Hemolysis disappeared about two months later. However, blastic crisis appeared and he died. We showed a case of CMMoL with 21 large satellite and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-like complication. Satellite have usually been reported as asymptomatic, and thus this chromosome variant and CMMoL may have been coincidentally observed.
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PMID:[Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMMoL) with systemic lymph node swelling and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-like complication]. 260 15

This paper reports about the occurrence of hemoglobinuria in a herd of grazing dairy cows. Laboratory findings of serum, liver, pasture and soil showed hypocuprosis in this herd. Copper supplementation results in clinical recovery. Possible pathogenetic relations between copper deficiency and hemolytic anaemia are discussed.
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PMID:[Hemoglobinuria in a dairy herd. (A short report)]. 275 83


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