Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0002622 (amnesia)
 5,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Midazolam, a water soluble bensodiasepine, has proven to induce a sleep pattern and amnesic effect that makes it preferable for use as a premedication for outpatient surgery. Used in addition to the regular anesthesia, Midazolam obviates the ineffectiveness of the analgesic drug. Since 1970, neuroleptic analgesia has been used as a method of outpatient anesthesia. Unfortunately, neuroleptic analgesia has provided inadequate coverage of pain relief causing pain and discomfort to patients. When a sedation and anxiolytic premedication are used, the patient acceptance increases. In a study in Ramathibodi hospital, Bangkok, Thailand effectiveness of midazolam as a premedication drug in laparoscopic interval sterilization, 150 women capable of reproduction and who were schelduled for the operation were studied. All of the women received 15mg midazolam orally either 60 or 90 minutes before the operation. The women were divided into 3 groups of 50 classified by the type of analgesic administered (tramadol or pethidine). Heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure were measured prior to, during, and after the operation. No difference in the rate of amnesia was found among the 3 groups, and a rate of 36% of amnesia was found in the study. Those results were lower than earlier reports, possibly due to circumstances at the hospital such as lack of coordination between administration of the medication and timing of the surgery.
 ...
PMID:Amnesic effect of midazolam as premedication in interval laparoscopic sterilization. 318 58

A randomized double-blind study was designed to compare midazolam, a rapid-acting water-soluble benzodiazepine, with diazepam for sedation when administered as an adjuvant to ketamine during local anesthesia. In the preliminary dose-ranging study, midazolam (0.05 to 0.15 mg/kg IV) was found to produce a spectrum of central nervous system activity (e.g., sedation, amnesia) that was similar to diazepam (0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg IV). However, the slope of midazolam's dose-response curve for sedation appeared to be steeper (i.e., a narrower therapeutic dosage range). In a comparative evaluation of their relative sedative-amnestic properties and recovery characteristics, the median effective doses of the two benzodiazepines were compared. Midazolam (0.1 mg/kg IV) was found to produce more profound sedation and amnesia than diazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV). Midazolam was associated with significantly less pain on injection and a lower incidence of postoperative venoirritation. Overall patient acceptance was higher with midazolam compared to diazepam. Finally, recovery characteristics were similar for the two benzodiazepines in our outpatient setting.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of midazolam and diazepam for sedation during plastic surgery. 328 89

Presentation of a bright bead to day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus: Ross 1 Chunky Chicks) elicits spontaneous pecking. If the bead is coated with an aversive substance (e.g., methylanthranilate), they will avoid similar beads subsequently; if it is coated with water, they peck avidly on re-presentation. Formation of a memory for this one-trial passive avoidance task is unaffected by subconvulsive transcranial electroshock when applied 10 min after training in 60% of birds, whereas "immediate" post-training electroshock renders 63% of chicks amnesic. Memory formation and retention is associated with a large bilateral enhancement in trained over control chicks (320 and 350% in left and right hemispheres, respectively; p less than 0.001) of a particular spontaneous multi-unit activity firing pattern, that is, short-duration (15-40 ms) bursts of large-amplitude (greater than or equal to 200 microV, 450 microV max p-p), high-frequency (400-450 Hz) spiking in anesthetized chicks. This effect is observed in data lumped from 1-13 h after training and is restricted to the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale. When chicks are rendered amnesic by electroshock immediately following training, there is a complete abolition of this increase in burst firing; in those chicks where this treatment fails to elicit amnesia, the increase in bursting is still observed. In birds in which the shock is delayed and memory formation occurs, the increase in bursting activity is maintained; however, if the delayed shock produces apparent amnesia, then the increase is once again abolished. The electroshock had no effect on bursting per se in untrained chicks. There was no significant difference in tonic spiking between the chicks. A marked increase in the occurrence of bursting epochs in the IMHV of anesthetized chicks following passive avoidance training is therefore closely associated with memory formation, but not with the nonspecific concomitants of the training procedure.
 ...
PMID:Passive avoidance learning produces focal elevation of bursting activity in the chick brain: amnesia abolishes the increase. 340 40

Midazolam is a new, water-soluble benzodiazepine that has been reported to produce a greater degree of amnesia than does diazepam. This study compares the amnesia produced in patients sedated with midazolam or diazepam or in combination with fentanyl during oral surgery. Twenty-four hours after surgery, each patient answered a questionnaire designed to assess his or her recall of events during and after surgery. Patients who received midazolam alone recalled significantly less than did patients in either diazepam group. The addition of fentanyl to midazolam did not produce any significant difference in recall.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of amnesia in outpatients sedated with midazolam or diazepam alone or in combination with fentanyl during oral surgery. 346 35

In the last 15 years the role of opioids in anaesthesia management has undergone dramatic change. Initially used as premedicants, or adjuvants to inhalation anaesthetic agents or as analgesics for postoperative pain relief, narcotics have now evolved into primary anaesthetic agents, primarily because of their ability to maintain cardiovascular stability especially in patients with compromised myocardial function. Sufentanil, alfentanil, and lofentanil are 3 new synthetic congeners of fentanyl. Sufentanil and alfentanil afford not only the haemodynamic stability but also the desirable anaesthetic properties of analgesia, and unconsciousness. Their major advantage lies in their pharmacokinetic behaviour; a rapid onset of action and short elimination half-life, allowing for greater flexibility in anaesthetic management. Sufentanil's pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with a 2-compartment model. Its elimination half-life is 149 minutes and its clearance is 11.3 ml/min/kg. Alfentanil's pharmacokinetic profile has been described by both 2- and 3-compartment models. Its distribution and redistribution are rapid, with an elimination half-life of 83 to 137 minutes and a clearance of 4.37 to 6.47 ml/min/kg in adult patients. Lofentanil, however, is an extremely long-acting narcotic analgesic. Presently, its use is justified only when prolonged mechanical ventilation is anticipated. Etomidate, a carboxylated imidazole, is rapidly distributed within a central compartment and then to peripheral compartments; its slow distribution and terminal elimination half-lives are 28 and 273 to 330 minutes, respectively, and its clearance (11.6 to 25 ml/min/kg) is equal to its hepatic plasma flow. Its ability to maintain cardiovascular stability in patients with compromised myocardial function make it a useful induction agent. However, reports of increased mortality and inhibition of steroidogenesis in patients receiving either single injections or constant infusions have created controversies regarding its use. Minaxolone is a water-soluble steroid whose pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with a 2-compartment model. Distribution is rapid with a mean half-life of 2.1 minutes and an elimination half-life of 47 minutes. There do not appear to be any cumulative effects. Plasma levels on recovery were similar in those patients receiving single bolus or continuous infusions. Midazolam and flunitrazepam are two new benzodiazepines. As a class of drugs, benzodiazepines provide the pharmacological properties of anxiolysis, sedation, hypnosis, muscle relaxation, amnesia and anticonvulsant activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer intravenous anaesthetic agents. 351 40

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on learning and/or memory processes in laboratory animals. In the water maze test, acetyl-L-carnitine, given intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 0.3 to 100 mg/kg, improved performances in both mice and rats. In the latter the drug also proved active when administered orally in the 3-100 mg/kg dosage range. In the pole climbing test in the rat, acetyl-L-carnitine at doses ranging from 0.03 to 10 mg/kg i.p. increased the conditioned reflex learning rate. In the passive avoidance test in the rat, significant increases in retention were observed after treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine at doses ranging from 1 to 30 mg/kg i.p. In the passive avoidance plus electroconvulsive shock test in the mouse, acetyl-L-carnitine antagonized amnesia at doses ranging from 0.1 to 3 mg/kg i.p.
 ...
PMID:Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on conditioned reflex learning rate and retention in laboratory animals. 381 8

Amnesia was obtained following electroconvulsive shock in rats trained at one-trial passive avoidance of immersion in ice water. Avoidance behavior was restored when noncontingent foot shock was administered outside the training apparatus. The qualitative differences between ice water and foot shock demonstrate that the agent inducing recovery of memory need not be physically similar to the reinforcer used during training. These findings are interpreted as supporting a retrieval failure view of experimental amnesia.
 ...
PMID:Retrieval failure induced by electroconvulsive shock: reversal with dissimilar training and recovery agents. 506 18

Midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, was compared with diazepam in fat emulsion (Diazemuls) as sedation for outpatient gastroscopy in a randomized double-blind fashion. Midazolam 0.05 mg kg-1 was found to be approximately equipotent to Diazemuls 0.15 mg kg-1. There were no differences concerning speed of recovery and all patients were considered ready for discharge after 2 h. Venous tolerance was good for both drugs. With the same degree of sedation, midazolam produced a higher frequency of amnesia (60% v. 7%; P less than 0.001) for the endoscopic procedure. Although the patients appeared to prefer midazolam to Diazemuls, this difference was significant only in patients who had not previously undergone gastroscopy (P less than 0.05). The high degree of amnesia with midazolam may be an advantage in sedation for unpleasant procedures like gastroscopy.
 ...
PMID:Sedation for fibreoptic gastroscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and diazepam. 613 13

The water soluble benzodiazepine midazolam was compared with diazepam, in doses of 0.07 mg kg-1 and 0.15 mg kg-1 respectively, administered i.v. to 100 patients undergoing gastroscopy. The degree of sedation, ease of endoscopy and recovery were comparable in the two groups. The effects of both drugs on arterial pressure were similar. Compared with diazepam, midazolam had a faster onset of effect, caused virtually no pain on injection, and provided a greater degree of amnesia.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of midazolam and diazepam in doses of comparable potency during gastroscopy. 613 90

Research on the benzodiazepines has shown that they have certain advantages over the opiates as premedicants. Diazepam, which produces good tranquilization, is well absorbed when given orally though absorption is influenced by other drugs given at the same time. Oral lorazepam leads to more prolonged sedation and amnesia but the final elimination is more rapid. Several new intravenous anaesthetics have been introduced during the last five years but none seems likely to replace thiopental. The theoretical disadvantages of thiopental are offset by its water-solubility, and the use of Cremophor EL in preparations of propanidid, alphaxalone, di-isopropyl phenol and one preparation of diazepam has led to many hypersensitivity reactions. Ketamine is gradually finding its rightful place in anaesthesia but its use is becoming limited to anaesthesia in difficult circumstances. The future concomitant use of other drugs and separation of isomers of ketamine may again broaden its applications. The new water-soluble steroid minaxolone has its own disadvantages, and the water-soluble benzodiazepine midazolam is as unpredictable for induction of anaesthesia as diazepam.
 ...
PMID:New drugs--boon or bane? Premedication and intravenous induction agents. 633 10


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>