Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002622 (amnesia)
 5,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of the munitions compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in groundwater surrounding Army ammunition plants may result in contamination of local drinking water supplies. RDX exerts its primary toxic effect in humans on the central nervous system, but also involves gastrointestinal and renal effects. Symptomatic effects following acute exposure include hyperirritability, nausea, vomiting, generalized epileptiform seizures, and prolonged postictal confusion and amnesia. Health effects data were analyzed for RDX, and although no controlled human studies exist concerning the acute or chronic toxic effects of exposure to RDX, sufficient animal toxicity data are available to derive an ambient water quality criterion for the protection of human health. This paper summarizes the available literature on metabolism of RDX and human and animal toxicity. Based on noncarcinogenic mammalian toxicity data, and following the methodologies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, an ambient water quality criterion for the protection of human health of 103 micrograms/liter is proposed for ingestion of drinking water and aquatic foodstuffs. A criterion of 105 micrograms/liter is proposed for ingestion of drinking water alone.
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PMID:Water quality criteria for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). 265 37

The standard procedure for percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) involves only the use of local anesthesia. However, at times, a PLB can be frightening and uncomfortable. Such experiences often limit the willingness of patients to undergo subsequent follow-up biopsies. To investigate the ability of midazolam, a new water-soluble benzodiazepine preparation, noted for its potency, rapid onset of action, and amnestic qualities, to enhance patient acceptability of a follow-up liver biopsy, a "sedative dose" of midazolam (2 mg) or saline was administered immediately prior to and following a percutaneous liver biopsy. The initial dose was used to sedate the subject while not impairing patient cooperation during the biopsy procedure; the second dose was used to induce amnesia for the biopsy procedure. The next morning patient recollection for the preceding biopsy procedure and their willingness to undergo a future PLB were assessed using a questionnaire. Forty-one patients (ages 18-78) were randomized to receive either midazolam (N = 21) or saline/placebo N = 20) treatment. All PLBs were obtained with a Trucut needle. All subjects were given 2-5 cc of 2% xylocaine local anesthetic at the biopsy site. The questionnaire utilized evaluated patient experience of the procedure with respect to their recall, level of anxiety during the procedure, and willingness to undergo a repeat procedure. The data obtained revealed that those receiving midazolam admitted to experiencing less discomfort during the biopsy procedure (P less than 0.04) and had less memory for the procedure (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Use of midazolam for percutaneous liver biopsy. 279 7

Many studies suggest that protein synthesis is required for formation of long-term memory. To test whether the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin (ANI) actually inhibits long-term memory formation or whether apparent amnesia could be attributed to state-dependency, chicks were both trained and tested under the influence of anisomycin (ANI). Two-day-old cockerels were trained in a 1-trial passive avoidance task. Intracerebral injections (10 microliters per hemisphere) of either saline (SAL) or 11.0 mM ANI were made into the medial hyperstriatum ventrale 5 min pretraining and 5 min pretest. The ANI inhibited cerebral protein synthesis by 70-80%, a level necessary to cause amnesia. Chicks that pecked a small bead dipped in methylanthranilate (MeA) and were injected with SAL both pretraining and pretest avoided pecking at test, showing memory for the bitter substance; chicks given ANI pretraining and SAL pretest pecked at the bead during test, which suggests amnesia. However, those given ANI both pretraining and pretest showed marked avoidance at test. Chicks trained to peck at a small bead dipped in water and given injections of either SAL or ANI pretraining and SAL pretest pecked readily at test. However, water-trained chicks given ANI pretest, regardless of pretraining injection, showed significantly higher avoidance at test. We conclude that peck aversion in the ANI-MeA-ANI group was not due to state-dependency but to generalized avoidance induced by pretest ANI.
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PMID:Is anisomycin-induced amnesia for a passive avoidance task in chicks the result of state-dependent learning? 280 31

Weanling, young-adult, and senescent Wistar albino rats had a novel odor/taste stimulus or a single taste stimulus either paired or explicitly unpaired with the unconditioned stimulus, lithium chloride. Animals were then given a saccharin vs water preference test. Standard preference scores indicated that the odor competed with taste for association with the US in young-adult rats but potentiated the conditioned aversion to taste in weanling and senescent rats. Results were interpreted in terms of age-related attentional differences which were hypothesized to account for infantile amnesia and for the memory dysfunction typically observed in senescent animals.
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PMID:Weanling and senescent rats process simultaneously presented odor and taste differently than young adults. 283 Aug 73

Strong premedication may prolong recovery and cause side-effects after short surgical procedures in general anaesthesia. To be operated without premedication may be unpleasant for the patient. Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine with rapid onset and short half-life. In a randomized study with 193 female patients, we compared the effects and side-effects of three different premedicants i.m.: midazolam, morphine-scopolamine (Mo-Scop) and placebo. Midazolam and Mo-Scop had an equal and significantly better effect than placebo on preoperative anxiety and alertness. Side-effects like nausea, dry mouth and prolonged recovery occurred significantly more often in the Mo-Scop than the midazolam or placebo groups. The midazolam-premedicated patients had significantly more amnesia compared with the other two groups. Only 3% of the patients would prefer no medication before anaesthesia, whereas 80% would prefer a combination of an anxiolytic and hypnotic premedication. Sixty-three percent of the patients would prefer a premedicant administered by injection. The results indicate that midazolam i.m. is an effective premedicant, with few side-effects, for short procedures in general anaesthesia.
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PMID:Premedication with midazolam in out-patient general anaesthesia. A comparison with morphine-scopolamine and placebo. 288 53

Moderate taste aversions were induced by pairing the initial consumption of 0.25% sodium saccharin (SACC) with either 25 mg/kg i.p. l-5-hydroxytryptophan or 30 mg/kg i.p. LiCl. The expression of these moderate conditioned SACC aversions was antagonized by pretreatments (i.p. or p.o.) with benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs (lorazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, phenobarbital, meprobamate, and chlormezanone). Chlordiazepoxide produced less or no antagonism of the expression of stronger SACC aversions induced by 50 or 75 mg/kg l-5-hydroxytryptophan or by 60 or 90 mg/kg LiCl. Nonanxiolytic drugs, including dipsogenic compounds that increased the water intake of hydrated rats (2 M NaCl i.p.; isoproterenol HCl s.c.; and histamine diphosphate s.c.), and even additional 24 hr of fluid deprivation did not antagonize the expression of moderate conditioned taste aversions, indicating that anxiolytic drugs have a very selective effect and that they do not appear to act through homeostatic drinking mechanisms. An essential feature of the taste aversion conflict model is that thirsty rats encounter only SACC. When water was conspicuously available in addition to SACC in two-bottle tests, neither chlordiazepoxide nor phenobarbital antagonized the expression of conditioned taste aversion. Thus, anxiolytic drugs do not produce amnesia for the conditioned aversion, but attenuate the ability of conditioned SACC aversion to suppress SACC consumption in one-bottle tests. The antagonism of the expression of conditioned taste aversion measured with a one-bottle testing method offers a simple, sensitive, and selective screen for anxiolytic drugs. A possible mechanism by which anxiolytics increase both suppressed as well as unsuppressed fluid consumption is discussed.
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PMID:Use of conditioned taste aversion as a conflict model: effects of anxiolytic drugs. 289 35

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS), major naturally occurring precursors of both androgenic and estrogenic steroids, were shown in the present study to have convincing memory enhancing effects in mice. Post-training intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of DHEA in dimethylsulfoxide (2 microliters) prevented the amnesia for footshock active avoidance training (FAAT) caused by the same volume of dimethylsulfoxide alone. DHEAS significantly enhanced retention of FAAT in weakly trained mice whether injected i.c.v. or s.c. immediately post-training or given in the drinking water for a 2-week period. In the latter instance DHEAS was shown to facilitate retention of FAAT without enhancing acquisition. The maximally effective doses were: i.c.v., 162 ng/mouse; s.c., 700 micrograms/mouse; and oral, 1.45 mg/mouse/day. DHEAS administered i.c.v. occluded the amnestic effects of anisomycin (inhibitor of protein synthesis) and scopolamine (muscarinic cholinergic antagonist). There was a time-dependence of the facilitatory effects of post-training i.c.v. administration of DHEAS on retention of FAAT, significant enhancement of retention being observed when it was given either immediately (within 2 min) or at 30 and 60 min after training, but not at 90 or 120 min. DHEAS given i.c.v. also improved retention for step-down passive avoidance. In all instances, dose-dependent inverted U curves were obtained in a manner typical for memory enhancing substances. At a practical level, these experiments open new possibilities for the development of substances that may help in alleviating amnesic disorders in man.
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PMID:Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate enhance memory retention in mice. 296 27

Two experiments investigated the effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) and anisomycin (ANI) in a water reward Y-maze task. In Experiment 1, male CD-1 mice given weak or strong training were injected post-training with either saline or LiCl (150 mg/kg), which has been reported to produce conditioned aversion in mice. One day after training, both LiCl groups avoided the rewarded arm of the maze and drank less water than saline-injected controls. Two days after training, the strongly trained LiCl mice showed avoidance, while both LiCl groups drank less water. In Experiment 2, weakly trained mice given pre- and post-training ANI (30 mg/kg) were amnesic on the second test day compared to mice that received post-trial saline. However, water consumption was increased on the test day for both groups. LiCl produced a different pattern of results than ANI in this task. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that amnesia produced by ANI is due to impaired memory formation and not to conditioned aversion.
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PMID:Amnesia produced by anisomycin in an appetitive task is not due to conditioned aversion. 303 38

A 69-year-old female patient is reported who had been treated with lithium salts for bipolar affective disease. During hospital stay due to myocardial infarction in cardiology department signs of intoxication with lithium carbonate developed. Parkinsonian syndrome and amnesia with abnormal EEG tracings were observed. After withdrawal of lithium and correction of water and electrolyte disturbances as well as pharmacological treatment gradual disappearance of neurological abnormalities was observed, with full normalization of EEG tracings.
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PMID:[Neurologic symptoms in lithium poisoning]. 312 39

Midazolam is an imidazobenzodiazepine with unique properties when compared with other benzodiazepines. It is water soluble in its acid formulation but is highly lipid soluble in vivo. Midazolam also has a relatively rapid onset of action and high metabolic clearance when compared with other benzodiazepines. The drug produces reliable hypnosis, amnesia, and antianxiety effects when administered orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. There are many uses for midazolam in the perioperative period including premedication, anesthesia induction and maintenance, and sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Midazolam is preferable to diazepam in many clinical situations because of its rapid, nonpainful induction and lack of venous irritation. Compared with thiopental, midazolam is not as rapid acting nor predictable in hypnotic effect. It will not replace thiopental as an induction agent. Advantages of midazolam over thiopental are those of the more versatile pharmacologic properties of a benzodiazepine compared with a barbiturate such as amnestic and anxiolytic properties. Midazolam should be a useful addition to the formulary.
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PMID:Midazolam: pharmacology and uses. 315 45


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