Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002622 (amnesia)
 5,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Midazolam is a short-acting water soluble benzodiazepine derivative. It is a hypnotic used for intravenous anaesthesia induction. The present investigation was designed in a prospective double-blind fashion to compare midazolam with thiopentone as hypnotic components in balanced anaesthesia. The study included 50 healthy patients undergoing relatively short surgical procedures. The results revealed that thiopentone is faster in onset than midazolam for induction of anaesthesia, with less variation of dose response. However, maintenance of anaesthesia was superior with midazolam, requiring fewer supplemental anaesthetic drugs, having better patient acceptance and providing more amnesia. Postoperative complications were very low with both techniques. Midazolam was surprisingly similar to thiopentone in most parameters including emergence time from anaesthesia. Midazolam is a new drug with potential both for induction of anaesthesia and maintenance of balanced anaesthesia.
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PMID:Midazolam compared with thiopentone as a hypnotic component in balanced anaesthesia: a randomized, double-blind study. 3 61

Rats were tested once daily on a four-choice delayed match from sample task with a water reward. Each day the correct place changed, and a single exposure to it was provided on information trials. Lesions of the hippocampal formation that involved the fornix, or dorsal hippocampus bilaterally, produced a severe impairment in the performance of previously trained rats. By contrast, lesions of the ventral hippocampus did not preclude reacquisition of the place-memory task. Some otherwise impaired rats with fornical lesions were able to find the water when aided by nonplace cues that consistently signaled reward. Reducing the number of choices from four to two did not aid the impaired rats. Certain lesions of the hippocampal formation in the rat produce a deficit appropriately described as amnesia. The memory deficit is consistent with a role for the hippocampus in processing of place information and shows some parallels to the amnesia seen in persons with temporal lobe lesions.
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PMID:Rat hippocampus and memory for places of changing significance. 62 35

Male hooded rats were conditioned in one trial to avoid saccharin by pairing saccharin drinking with an intragastric injection of LiC1. A 24 hr water-saccharin preference test showed that conditioned rats exhibited a very low preference for saccharin whereas rats injected intraventricularly with cycloheximide (CXM, 400 mug) 5, 7, or 9 hr before training exhibited a greatly increased saccharin preference which differed significantly from NaC1 injected controls. This 24 hr amnesia was found to be dependent upon the time of administration of CXM, since injection at 1, 3 or 17 hr before training did not confer amnesia. The nature of the task, a control measure and a control experiment indicate that the CXM-induced change in saccharin preference at 24 hr is not due to a CXM-induced aversion, nor a loss in drinking ability nor an inability to retrieve information whilst under the influence of CXM.
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PMID:Cycloheximide-induced amnesia for taste aversion memory in rats. 94 53

Water deprived rats were trained to drink from a water spout within an apparatus on each of 2 days. On the third day, passive avoidance of the spout was induced by giving the animal a 0.3 sec, 5 mA footshock after 1 lick at the spout. A test for retention of the avoidance learning was given 48 hr following training. ECS administered through cortical electrodes at 15 sec following the footshcok impaired retention. The amnesia was attenuated when amphetamine (1 mg/kg) was injected immediately but not at 6 hr following the ECS. In a second experiment, attentuation of amnesia by amphetamine was not found when the ECS occured at 4 sec instead of 15 sec following the footshock. The results are interpreted in terms of reactivation by amphetamine of a consolidation process that was interrupted by ECS.
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PMID:Reversal of ECS-induced amnesia by post-ECS injections of amphetamine. 116 25

Male albino rats were cannulated and placed on a 24 hr water deprivation schedule. The animals were allowed 10 min access to water in a large animal cage for 5 days. On the sixth day of deprivation the animals were randomly divided into 6 groups and given either 12 percent KCl, 25 percent KCl, or Ringers solution applied unilaterally or bilaterally to the cortex immediately after access to 8 percent sucrose. On the seventh day of deprivation, each rat was placed in a two-choice situation with the sucrose solution and water. Only the unilateral and bilateral 12 percent KCl groups developed an aversion to the sucrose. These results indicate that CSD has aversive as well as amnesic properties, there exists a gradient of amnesia, dependent on concentration, and that the cortex is not necessary for learning a taste aversion.
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PMID:Learned taste aversion induced by cortical spreading depression. 123 22

A 40-year-old man was admitted after 8 months of speech disturbance and locomotive ataxia. He had no seizures, lightning pains, paresthesia, visual loss, bladder disturbance or rectal incontinence. He had never been neurologically or psychiatrically ill and had no history of syphilis. When the patient was admitted, his general physical examination including blood pressure and dermatologic examination was normal. His consciousness was alert. He was found to have a deterioration of mental status such as inability to concentrate, failing memory, amnesia and circumstantiality. His pupils were anisocoric and Achilles jerks were absent. No rigidity of the neck muscles, paralysis and sensory disturbance were recognized. Romberg's sign was absent. The right pupil was 7.0 mm and the left was 6.0 mm in room illumination. The pupils were nonreactive to bright light and both did not constricted to near stimuli. 0.125% pilocarpine eyedrops produced bilateral pupillary constriction. The results indicated bilateral tonic pupils. Laboratory data revealed white cell count of 12,600/mm3 and normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 8 mm/hr. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed the following: opening pressure, 140 mm of water; cell counts, 76/mm2 (mononuclear cells); total protein, 116 mg/dl; glucose, 57 mg/dl. A serum venereal disease research laboratories (VDRL) test was positive in a 1:32 titer confirmed by positive treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) test in a 1:40,960 titer and positive fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test. Serum TPHA-IgM was positive in a 1:320 titer but TPHA-IgG was negative. CSF examination revealed positive TPHA test (titer of 1:2,560) and positive FTA-ABS test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A case of early syphilis presenting general paresis-like symptoms and bilateral tonic pupils]. 130 Feb 74

The sedative, anxiolytic, and amnesic effects of diazepam were compared to those of CL 218,872, a triazolopyridazine that has a preferential affinity for the benzodiazepine omega 1 receptor subtype. Spontaneous locomotion was assessed using a running wheel, anxiety was assessed using an open-field divided into central and peripheral areas (thigmotaxis), and amnesia was assessed using the Morris water maze. It was found that CL 218,872, like diazepam, depressed spontaneous locomotion, reduced anxiety, and impaired place learning in a dose-dependent manner. Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist with a similar affinity for both omega 1 and omega 2 subtypes, reversed all of the effects of diazepam and antagonized the anxiolytic and amnesic effects, and some but not all of the sedative effects of CL 218,872. These results suggest that the selective activation of the omega 1 receptor subtype by CL 218,872 is sufficient to produce sedation, anxiolysis, and amnesia in a manner similar to that produced by the coactivation of both the omega 1 and omega 2 receptor subtypes with diazepam.
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PMID:Like diazepam, CL 218,872, a selective ligand for the benzodiazepine omega 1 receptor subtype, impairs place learning in the Morris water maze. 135 55

We investigated the effects of kindling and kindled seizures in different limbic structures on place and cue learning in the Morris water maze. The triggering of seizures by stimulation of the perforant path, septum, or amygdala prior to daily training impaired place learning, but had little effect on visible platform training or swim speed. Seizures triggered by stimulation of the medial perforant path after daily training also impaired place learning. Conversely, place learning proceeded normally in rats tested 24 h after kindling triggered by stimulation of the perforant path, septum, or amygdala, indicating that kindling per se does not affect place learning. Each group was able to learn the location of a reversed platform when pretraining seizures were discontinued; and perforant path and septal kindled rats, but not amygdaloid kindled rats, were impaired at learning the location of a reversed platform when seizures were triggered before training. The results confirm previous reports that limbic seizures produce amnesia, but they contradict the finding that hippocampal kindling impairs learning on tasks sensitive to hippocampal lesions.
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PMID:Limbic seizures, but not kindling, reversibly impair place learning in the Morris water maze. 144 43

Previous studies have demonstrated that NMDA receptor antagonists and protein kinase C inhibitors induced marked memory impairment in rats, but that peripherally administered cerulein (CER) prevented these effects. In the present study, the effect of subcutaneously administered CER on amnesia induced by protein synthesis inhibitors was examined in passive and active avoidance responses and in the Morris water maze test. Intraperitoneal injection of the inhibitors produced marked memory impairment, but the effect was abolished by combined administration with CER. The effective dose of subcutaneously injected CER was, on a molar basis, three thousand- and six thousandfold less than the dose of anisomycin, and two hundred eighty- and three thousandfold less than the dose of puromycin in the passive and active avoidance response experiments, respectively. Similarly, in the Morris water maze test, behavioral disturbances produced by the protein synthesis inhibitors were abolished by CER. These results indicate the effectiveness of CER in preventing memory impairment induced by protein synthesis inhibitors.
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PMID:Protective effect of cerulein on memory impairment induced by protein synthesis inhibitors in rats. 148 May 6

In order to determine the strain differences in learning of swimming behavior and to study the influence of vasopressin or its derivatives on hemicholinium-3-induced impairment of water maze learning in mice, we designed a new apparatus using water maze which has three panels in small fish breeding water bath (L60 x W30 x H36 cm). In the first swimming, six strains of adult male mice, ICR, ddY, ddN, C3H/He, BALB/C and C57BL were subjected to learn swimming behavior twice a day for 6 d in a straight course. Only ICR, ddN, C57BL and BALB/C strain mice were chosen for the next experiment. In the second swimming, mice (ICR, ddN, C57BL, BALB/C) were swum in the water maze apparatus. Scopolamine-induced impairment of water maze learning was produced only in ICR, BALB/C mice, but not in C57BL and ddN strain, which was recovered by physostigmine. Amnesia was not obtained by intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of cycloheximide and AlCl3 in mice (ICR). Hemicholinium-induced amnesia was improved by vasopressin and desmopressin. Lysine-vasopressin and oxytocin were without affecting hemicholinium-induced amnesia. Pretreatment with a vasopressin antagonist, ([1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopenta-methylene propionic acid), 2-(o-methyl)tyrosine arginine]-vasopressin) resulted in a reversible effect on the improvement of hemicholinium-induced amnesia by vasopressin. Of four different strain mice, ICR mice were the most preferable to the presently used test. They were also more responsive to hemicholinium and vasopressin than the other strains. These results suggest that the simple water maze apparatus may be useful for a pre-examination of nootropics or a study of learning of swimming behavior in mice.
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PMID:[Strain differences of mice in learning of swimming behavior and effect of hemicholinium and vasopressin. Observation by a simple water maze apparatus]. 148 47


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