Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty-six women using depot-norethisterone enanthate injections for contraception for 2 years or more were compared with a control group of 48 women not using hormonal contraception. No significant difference was found between the study group and controls for Factors VIIc and Antithrombin III. Factor Xc was reduced in women who had used the injections for over two but less than five years [controls: mean 90.3% SD31.2 vs users for 2-5 yr: 78.7% SD17.1, 95%CI difference in means -0.3, -22.9]. In the group using Net-En for five years or more, Factor Xc was significantly higher than in the control group, but only by 14% of the mean control value [users for over 5 yr: 103.2% SD15.2, 95%CI difference in means 3.1, 22.7]. Haemoglobin levels, red cell count and packed cell volume were higher in those using the injections than in the control group. Changes in the platelet count were not statistically significant. Twenty-three women using the injection agreed to keep menstrual diaries. Of these, 20 experienced amenorrhoea for more than two consecutive injection intervals (112 days). It is concluded that long-term use of norethisterone enanthate is not associated with any markedly deleterious effects on Factor VIIc, Xc, or antithrombin III or haemoglobin levels. Amenorrhoea of 4 months or more can be expected after two years of continuous use.
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PMID:Long-term use of depot-norethisterone enanthate: effect on blood coagulation factors and menstrual bleeding patterns. 177 20

This study was designed to test the efficacy of a long-acting GnRH agonist (alpha) for inhibition of ovulation and menses in monkeys as well as suppression of mild to moderate endometriosis through an individualized, intermittent regimen. Endometriosis was surgically induced in 21 cynomolgus monkeys; ectopic tissue viability was verified histologically. GnRH alpha (leuprolide, D-Leu6-Pro9-Net-LHRH, Abbott Laboratories) was injected weekly in treatment cycle 1 (10 microgram/kg, sc; n = 15). Ovulation and menses ceased in 6 of 15 females. For the remaining 9 monkeys, the GnRH alpha dose was increased to 15 microgram/kg weekly in treatment cycle 2. Still, 4 monkeys resisted suppression; in treatment cycle 3, their regimen increased to 15 microgram/kg every fourth day. Thus, anovulation and amenorrhea was achieved in 14 of 15 monkeys within 90 days, seemingly as a result of ovarian desensitization, since GnRH alpha injections usually enhanced serum LH and FSH levels (P less than 0.05). Frequent laparotomies and daily hormonal profiles of estradiol, progesterone, FSH, and LH in serum confirmed these findings. After treatment, 12 of 15 monkeys manifested resolution of ectopic endometrial tissue; concurrently, there was no change in the severity of endometriosis in the 6 saline-injected controls. Six of 15 monkeys became pregnant within 90 days after cessation of GnRH alpha injections; 1 of 6 control females conceived. These findings may encourage consideration of clinical investigations employing individualized and/or intermittent GnRH alpha administration for the treatment of endometriosis or to achieve contraception.
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PMID:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist suppresses ovulation, menses, and endometriosis in monkeys: an individualized, intermittent regimen. 640 65

Using data from the 1990 National Family and Fertility Survey (NFFS) and employing discrete-time hazards models, we examine the effect of weaning, child death, and socioeconomic factors on postpartum amenorrhoea in Ethiopia. The results show that 91 in every 100 mothers breastfed their child for at least 6 months. The median duration of breastfeeding stands at 18 months, and amenorrhoea lasts for a median duration of 12 months. Significant variations in breastfeeding and amenorrhoea duration are also observed among the different categories of breastfeeding women. The median duration of breastfeeding for lactating women is 24 months, 6 months for those who weaned, and 2 months for those whose child died. The median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea is 14 months for breastfeeding women, 12 months for those who weaned, and 6 months for those whose child died. Discrete-time hazard models reveal that child death has the strongest effect on the resumption of menses. Net of other factors, the risk of returning to menses increased 3 times for mothers whose child died. The effect of child death, however, decreases over time. Weaning also has a significant positive effect; and, like child death, its effect diminishes as time passes. The study further shows significant differences in the risk of returning to postpartum menses by socioeconomic characteristics of the women, even though they are breastfeeding.
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PMID:Postpartum amenorrhoea in Ethiopia: the role of weaning, child death, and socioeconomic factors. 958 79

This study reports on data concerning menstrual patterns in lactating women under various types of hormonal contraceptives and IUDs. The study group consisted of 22 women using depomedroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) 150 mg injected 3-monthly, 51 women using norethisterone enanthate (Net-en) 20 mg injected monthly, 52 women using oral contraceptives (OCs) containing 150 mcg d-norgestrel and 50 mcg ethenyl estradiol, 50 women using OCs containing 150 mcg d-norgestrel and 30 mcg ethenyl estradiol, and 68 women using a copper IUD. The control group included 1617 women not using any form of contraception and 55 women who had undergone tubectomy. Women using hormonal contraceptives or IUDs were requested to note whether there was any perceptible change in breast milk output during the month after the introduction of contraception. None of the hormonal contraceptive users complained of any abrupt decrease in milk output soon after the introduction of contraceptive therapy. There was a marked fall in the mean duration of lactational amenorrhea in women using any of the hormonal contraceptives. IUD use was not associated with any alteration in the mean duration of lactation or lactational amenorrhea. In over 99% of OC users, menstruation occurred soon after the 1st cycle of tablets were completed. All women started menstruating by the 2nd month when using OCs. Following the use of DMPA nearly a third of the normally menstruating women became amenorrheic during the next month. By the end of 1 year, almost all women were amenorrheic. Following the use of Net-en-20 7% of normally menstruating women did not menstruate during the 1st cycle. After IUD insertion 25% of the women complained of postinsertional bleeding.
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PMID:Duration of lactation and return of menstruation in lactating women using hormonal contraception and IUDs. 1226 26