Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The potential use of LH-RH as a test of pituitary function in women has been investigated. In this study the synthetic material was administered intravenously, and samples of peripheral blood were removed at defined times. The levels of plasma oestradiol, LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. The administration of incremental doses of LH-RH (from 1.56 to 450 mug) demonstrated that a maximal response was obtained with 100 mug in the majority of apparently healthy subjects. Accordingly, this amount was selected as the standard dose for use in a test of pituitary function. The application of this test to 96 patients with secondary amenorrhea showed that the release of LH and FSH (as assessed by the maximum value, and the area under the response curve) was within the normal range in 82, high in 4 and low in 10. There was no correlation between the cause of the amenorrhea, the results of the LH-RH test, and the endogenous levels of oestradiol, LH and FSH. In addition 5 patients with primary amenorrhea and 8 patients with pituitary disorders were tested with LH-RH. In primary amenorrhea low basal levels of LH were found, but all subjects had a normal response to LH-RH. In 3 patients with clinical hypopituitarism the basal levels of gonadotrophins were in the normal range, but there was an impaired response to LH-RH. It is concluded that 100 mug of LH-RH administered intravenously may be used to test the ability of the pituitary to release LH and FSH, but the magnitude and duration of the response is not of additional diagnostic value.
 ...
PMID:An evaluation of the diagnostic value of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. 110 39

Plasma LH, FSH and prolactin secretory patterns were derived from the measurement of 20-min interval plasma samples obtained during a complete 24-h period in a patient with persistent postpartum amenorrhea and galactorrhea (Chiari-Frommel syndrome), before and after clomiphene citrate therapy. During nocturnal sleep, polygraphic monitoring was carried out to precisely identify sleep onset, specific sleep stages and waking periods. During the evening and nighttime hours, LH and FSH concentrations were markedly reduced, compared to the daytime patterns both before and after clomiphene therapy. A sleep associated rise of prolactin concentration was present, similar to the pattern found in normal subjects but at higher concentrations. The reciprocal nature of the nocturnal secretory patterns for LH and FSH and prolactin in this patient suggests an alteration in hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanisms which are thougt to control the secretion of these hormones.
 ...
PMID:Twenty-four-hour secretory patterns of gonadotropins and prolactin in a case of Chiari-Frommel syndrome. 116 38

2 Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a specific prolactin inhibitor, was administered to 9 patients suffering from galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome of varying aetiology. Plasma levels of FSH, LH, prolactin, total estrogens and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassy before and after treatment initiation. Prior to treatment, plasma prolactin levels were in all cases supraphysiological. FSH and LH levels were, with the exception of one patient, in the low cyclic range. One patient had subnormal gonadotropin levels, presumably reflecting hypophyseal insufficiency following surgical removal of a pituitary adenoma. Mean plasma levels of total estrogens were in the lower normal range. Administration of CB 154 led in all cases to a reduction of plasma prolactin levels. In eight cases, galactorrhea was suppressed during the first month of treatment. Eight patients menstruated and seven ovulated as indicated by the basal body temperature (BBT) or plasma progesterone measurement. The postoperative hypophyseal tumor patient did not, with the exception of galactorrhea suppression, respond to treatment, presumably due to hypophyseal insufficiency. 2 patients conceived during the course of treatment. One patient, who developed galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome as a result of psychopharmacological drug administration received 7,5 mg/day CB 154. Prolactin secretion, as indicated by plasma levels, was inhibited but the inhibitation was much slower in onset than that exhibited by the other patients and this patient ovulated only after 5 months of treatment. Upon withdrawal of CB 154 therapy after 6 to 7 months, the patients redeveloped galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome, so that a definitive cure could not be demonstrated.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptin (CB 154). Clinical response and pattern of pituitary and steriod hormones before and during therapy. 117 26

Gonadal function was studied in three post-pubertal siblings (two male and one female) and one unrelated male patient with myotonic dystrophy. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by electromyography and muscle biopsy. Basal levels of plasma immunoreactive LH, FSH, testosterone, and estradiol were measured. Hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal reserve and responsiveness were evaluated by clomiphene, LHRH, and HCG tests. Histologic examination of gonadal biopsies was also performed. The results showed that gonadal failure present in the four patients had different characteristics. In the same family, hypothalamic amenorrhea was observed in the female patient, and hypothalamic eunuchoidism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with marked tubular and leydig cells failure in the male patients. The non-related male patient had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with tubular failure but with a compensatory leydig-cell hyperplasia. These data are interpreted as demonstrating different expressivity of the hypogonadism associated with the same inherited muscle disease.
 ...
PMID:Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in patients with myotonic dystrophy. 118 20

In an investigation done in a group of 20 patients with cerebral concussion and skull fracture, 5 of whom showed definite EEG signs of brain-stem function disorder, one patient, a member of this subgroup, was found to have a reduced excretion of FSH. This patient also showed amenorrhoea of 4 months duration and olfactory disturbances.
 ...
PMID:Traumatic disorders of pituitary-hypothalamic function. I. Excretion of follicule-stimulating hormone after closed head injury. A preliminary investigation. 122 18

Reproductive and endocrine function was investigated in 22 women with Hodgkin's disease who had bilateral mid-line oophoropexies performed at staging laparotomy. The operation was followed in 12 cases by "inverted Y" pelvic lymph node irradiation and in 4 cases by para-aortic lymph node irradiation. Pregnancies occurred after the operation in 4 of the 6 patients subsequently found not to require irradiation below the diaphragm. In the other 2 patients in this group the menstrual history was unaffected and normal gonadotrophin concentrations indicated intact ovarian function. In the group receiving para-aortic irradiation, in whom the ovarian irradiation dose was was small (about 150 rad to each ovary) menstrual function and gonadotrophin concentrations were normal at the time of review and one patient has subsequently become pregnant. In the group receiving inverted Y irradiation, in whom the ovaries were shielded from the radiation beam by a rectangular lead block, the ovarian dose was much higher (lowest dose 600 rad, highest dose 3500 rad). Nine of the 12 have persisting amenorrhoea with elevated levels of both gonadotrophins. One patient has since become pregnant and one patient has resumed menstrual cycles and has normal basal gonadotrophin concentrations. One patient who has resumed menstrual cycles has a monotrophic elevation of basal serum FSH concentrations. We conclude that bilateral mid-line oophoropexy does not impair ovarian function or gamete transport and should be performed at diagnositc laparotomy in women of child bearing age with Hodgkin's disease, even when it is uncertain whether pelvic node irradiation will be necessary. The results in the patients who received inverted Y irradiation indicate that the technique of pelvic shielding and ovarian transposition used were only partially successful in preserving fertility. Alternative techniques for preserving ovarian function are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Reproductive and endocrine function in patients with Hodgkin's disease: effects of oophoropexy and irradiation. 125 16

We researched the possibility of the induction of ovulation by means of chronic opioid receptor blockade in 4 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. Daily 4 mg naloxone were given as a bolus injection intravenously. By means of continuous determination of LH, FSH, 17-beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone as well as of sonographic folliculometry follicular growth and subsequent ovulation should have been proved. Neither we found alterations of the basal values of LH, FSH, E2 and progesterone, nor we observed a follicular growth. These results lead us to the conclusion to put a naloxone stimulation test before further therapy. In this way opioid mediated hypothalamic ovarian insufficiencies can be registered and a therapy optimum can be reached early.
 ...
PMID:Naloxone stimulation test in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: a preliminary report. 132 10

FSH and LH secreting pituitary adenomas may not be as rare as has been previously thought. Women in their reproductive years with a normal estrogenic state and hypergonadotropic amenorrhea should be suspected to harbor a pituitary microadenoma secreting gonadotropins. A computerized tomogram of the pituitary confirms the diagnosis. Two such cases who underwent transphenoidal resection of their adenomas are presented. Pituitary dynamic testing is normal in both. Laparoscopic directed ovarian biopsies show primordial follicles in one and a corpus luteum in the other. Transphenoidal resection, with the risk of permanent hypopituitarism, should be weighed against expectant management, with periodic evaluation of pituitary functions, until the natural history of these adenomas is uncovered.
 ...
PMID:Gonadotropin secreting pituitary microadenoma. 133 71

An ovulatory cycle was induced by oral administration of a specific opiate antagonist: naltrexone, at a dose of 50 mg/day for 26 days in a woman suffering from secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea. The follicular growth was monitored by ultrasound and serial blood measurement of LH, FSH, E2 and progesterone. The hormonal and ultrasound profiles showed an ovulatory cycle with a single dominant follicle. After discontinuation of the treatment, the patient became amenorrheic again. The gonadotropin as well as estradiol plasma levels declined, to that observed before treatment. Naltrexone may be a useful agent for induction of ovulation in women suffering from hypothalamic amenorrhea.
 ...
PMID:[Ovulation induction by the chronic administration of naltrexone in a patient with secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea]. 134 27

The data reviewed in this chapter provide evidence that the pattern of GnRH secretion appears to be an important factor in regulating gonadotropin subunit gene expression, gonadotropin synthesis and hormone secretion. The data on gonadotropin synthesis were obtained in rodents and hence, must be interpreted with caution when applied to primates. Despite this reservation, the data suggest a similarity of regulatory mechanisms in mammalian species. The data also provide an explanation for the mechanisms whereby a single gonadotropin-releasing hormone can differentially regulate the three gonadotropin genes and allow differential hormone secretion. In overall agreement with this view, the observations during pubertal maturation reveal increasing GnRH pulsatile secretion during puberty with an evolution from predominant FSH to a predominant LH secretion by the gonadotropes. In males, the patterns of GnRH secretion appear to be fairly consistent throughout adult life, but in women cyclic changes occur which perhaps are important in maintaining cyclic ovulation. It is proposed that once pubertal maturation has been established, GnRH is secreted at a relatively fast frequency (one pulse per hour), and an essential feature of repeated ovulatory cycles is the slowing of this GnRH stimulus during the luteal phase: to allow subsequent preferential FSH release. This slowing of GnRH secretion appears to be effected by estradiol and progesterone acting to enhance hypothalamic opioid activity. Similar mechanisms involving increased opioid tone appear to be causally related to the reduced frequency and irregular GnRH stimulus seen in hypothalamic amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. In contrast, some forms of polycystic ovarian disease may reflect abnormalities of the estradiol-progesterone/opioid/GnRH neuron feedback mechanisms, with failure to establish slowing in the peripubertal anovulatory cycles. The resulting persistent GnRH stimulus increases LH with consequent effects of abnormal follicular maturation and enhanced ovarian androgen production. Present data are supportive of these hypotheses, but future studies will determine whether these views prove to be correct. However, current data provide strong support for the view that the pattern of GnRH secretion is a critical factor in the regulation of differential gonadotropin synthesis and secretion in mammalian species.
 ...
PMID:GnRH pulses--the regulators of human reproduction. 134 46


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>