Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations, and pregnanediol and oestrogen excretion rates, were measured in a perimenopausal woman from the first appearance of oligomenorrhoea until the onset of severe and persistent hot flushes two years later. Postmenopausal episodes characterised by hot flashes, amenorrhoea, high FSH levels (greater than or equal to 5IU/L) and low urinary oestrogens (less than or equal to 50 nmol/24hr), were followed by menstrual cycles in which the FSH levels were low (less than 5 IU/L) and there was an ovulatory pattern of oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion. An unusual association of high urinary oestrogens (greater than or equal to 50 nmol/24hr) with high gonadotrophin levels was observed on several occasions. The transient postmenopausal episodes were biochemically and symptomatically indistinguishable from the permanent amenorrhoea of postmenopausal women.
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PMID:Fluctuating ovarian function in a perimenopausal women. 28 73

Ovarian failure may be a long-term consequence of cancer treatment for premenopausal women. Caused by several treatments, including radiation therapy and the alkylating agents, it produces signs and symptoms associated with menopause: hot flashes, amenorrhea, dyspareunia, loss of libido, and irritability. Critical factors that determine ovarian functioning after treatment for cancer are the patient's age at the time of therapy, the amount of radiation that the ovaries received, and the dose of the antineoplastic agent(s). Medical interventions, such as hormonal therapy and surgical repositioning of the ovaries, may maintain ovarian function for some women. Nursing intervention includes assessment, education, and counseling. Counseling focuses on how the prematurely menopausal patient feels about herself as indicated by self-esteem, body image, and sexuality.
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PMID:Ovarian failure and cancer treatment: incidence and interventions for premenopausal women. 278 Apr 1

A patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma was treated with mitoxantrone at a dose of 12 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. After the fifth dose, she developed amenorrhea accompanied by vasomotor instability (hot flashes). Subsequent serum gonadotropin and estradiol levels confirmed the postmenopausal state. The mechanism of mitoxantrone-associated amenorrhea is most likely due to direct toxic effects on the ovary, as is seen with other forms of chemotherapy. Ovarian dysfunction with mitoxantrone has not been previously reported. The important consequences of chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure are described. This toxic effect may be more frequently described as the drug becomes more widely available.
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PMID:Possible mitoxantrone-induced amenorrhea. 301 Dec 60

Leuprolide (Lupron, TAP Pharmaceuticals, North Chicago), a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, was administered to 26 premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Of 25 evaluable patients, 11 (44%) had a partial response with a median duration of 39 weeks and five (20%) remained stable. Six patients showed early rapid progression of their disease. Toxicity was mild and included hot flashes, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Leuprolide induced amenorrhea in all patients who received treatment for ten weeks or longer. We conclude that this GnRH analogue provides a safe and effective means of producing medical castration in premenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.
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PMID:Medical castration produced by the GnRH analogue leuprolide to treat metastatic breast cancer. 392 58

Progress in new drug developments is discussed in relation to newly registered drugs and drugs in the animal and/or clinical research stage. Of central nervous system drugs new neuroleptics, antidepressants, tranquilizers, psychotropics, antiparkinson and anticonvulsant agents are discussed in terms of chemical structure, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Likewise for anti-infective drugs such as antibiotics, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents. New synthetic antiinflammatory glucocorticoids are being developed and tested for toxicity and clinical effect. Estrogen and gestagen research continues but few new substances with more effective action than currently-used compounds have been found. Initial clinical testing of Tibolon shows it to prevent postmenopausal osteolysis and hot flashes. ST-1435 is still being tested as an implantable contraceptive. It causes amenorrhea and reduces plasma estradiol and progesterone. No progress is seen in research on nonhormonal substances with contraceptive action, except for prostaglandins although no new derivatives with high tissue selectivity for uterine smooth muscle, nor early applicable abortifacients, have been found. Metenprost is being studied as a self-administered abortifacient: in one study 98% of completed abortions were seen with 30-40% adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, fever). DL204-IT and L-11,204 are triazoloisoindole and triazoloisoquinolone derivatives which have been tested in various dosages and dosage forms on animals in various pregnancy stages. Optimum contraceptive action occurs in the early blastocyst stage. The plant extracts Zoapatanol and Montanol show dose-dependent inhibition of implantation in animal studies but the contraceptive action mechanism is not known. Oxendolone shows an unmistakable antiandrogenic effect. Action mechanism is assumed to be inhibition of the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone. It has a long plasma half-life in rats (3.6 days). It has been clinically tested in Japan (weekly intramuscular injection of 200-400 mg) in prostatic hypertrophy. Longterm studies are not yet available.
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PMID:[Progress in the area of drug development. 15]. 613 42

An association exists between pulsatile LH release and hot flashes (HFs). To further delineate the hypothalamic mechanism(s) responsible for HF, the basal levels and pulsatile release of LH, FSH, estradiol, and estrone and the rate of occurrence of HFs (measured objectively) were evaluated in patients with a defect of GnRH secretion [isolated gonadotropin deficiency (IGD)], patients with abnormalities of afferent input to GnRH neurons [hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA)], and postmenopausal women with severe HFs. Patients with IGD had received estrogens, which were discontinued before study. Patients with HA had experienced regular menses before disease onset, which followed emotional stress or weight loss. Studies were limited to HA patients with estrogen levels in the postmenopausal range. Pulsatile LH release was absent in patients with IGD and was absent or greatly reduced in women with HA. Objectively measured and subjectively experienced HFs occurred in IGD but not in HA patients. These results suggest that HFs are not an obligatory consequence of low endogenous estrogen levels and that the absence of episodic LH and GnRH release (IGD) does not influence the occurrence of HFs. It is possible that the dysfunction of afferent input to GnRH neurons in HA somehow prevents HFs in these women with low endogenous estrogen secretion.
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PMID:Further delineation of hypothalamic dysfunction responsible for menopausal hot flashes. 643 85

The characteristics of 26 patients with presumptive premature ovarian failure have been examined. The initial diagnosis was based on any single serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration of greater than 40 mIU/ml in karyotypically normal women under 35 years of age with irregular menses or amenorrhea. Clinical manifestations were heterogeneous: some failed to undergo pubertal maturation, and other developed hypergonadotropic amenorrhea following several years of regular menses. Almost 70% experienced hot flashes. Three had thyroiditis. Nine of 18 patients had hormonal evidence of functioning ovarian follicles, and 4 of 9 women had viable oocytes on biopsy. Evidence of ovulation was noted in five patients, and spontaneous pregnancy occurred in one. These data emphasize the fallacy of using elevated FSH levels to diagnose irreversible ovarian failure and indicate the possibility of ovulation and pregnancy in some affected individuals.
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PMID:Idiopathic premature ovarian failure: clinical and endocrine characteristics. 680 Aug 42

Six patients with symptomatic leiomyomata uteri and in whom surgical treatment was indicated received, during 3 months, intramuscular leuprolide acetate, 3,75 mg monthly, in order to 1) achieve a reduction of myomata size and 2) recover an anemic patient before surgery. In every patient, amenorrhea was induced since the second month of treatment. A significant decrease of myomas sizes was achieved. The reduction of the volume of the largest myoma in each case, varied between 51% and 77% (x = 60% +/- ES 4,3) LH and estradiol plasma levels diminished significantly and FSH did not changed in response to treatment. Side effects were well tolerated. Hot flashes were present in all patients, headaches in 2 and loss of strength in 2. Surgery was accomplished after 3 months of treatment. Myomectomy was performed in 5 cases and total hysterectomy in 1. Uterine shrinkage and the period of amenorrhea induced by Lupron-depot facilitated hysterectomy and myomectomy techniques and the recovery of one patient with a severe anemia.
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PMID:[Size reduction of uterine myomas with monthly administered leuprolide acetate]. 756 60

The authors present a method for defining the inception of perimenopause that is based on self-reported data. The study sample (n = 1,550) was obtained from a 5-year longitudinal study of 2,569 Massachusetts women aged 45-55 years that began in 1981. The definition was derived from the ability of responses to questions concerning timing of the last menstrual period, menstrual regularity, and presence of menopausal symptoms (hot flashes/sweats) to predict menopause 3 years later. The two items that best defined the inception of perimenopause were 3-11 months of amenorrhea and increased menstrual irregularity for those without amenorrhea. This definition can easily be used in large epidemiologic investigations.
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PMID:Defining the perimenopause for application in epidemiologic investigations. 799 91

Ovarian failure is a common consequence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in women undergoing bone marrow transplantation. The longer survival in these women has raised, during the past years, the need for a better quality of life. The objective of the present study has been to evaluate perspectively the potential benefit of hormonal replacement therapy in 24 women who underwent bone marrow transplantation. The data obtained indicated that hormonal replacement therapy results effective in preventing and/or relieving the multiple manifestations of gonadal failure, including amenorrhea, hot flashes, atrophy of genital apparatus, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:[Efficacy of estrogen-progestin replacement therapy after bone marrow transplantation]. 899 81


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