Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty-six women using depot-norethisterone enanthate injections for contraception for 2 years or more were compared with a control group of 48 women not using hormonal contraception. No significant difference was found between the study group and controls for Factors VIIc and Antithrombin III. Factor Xc was reduced in women who had used the injections for over two but less than five years [controls: mean 90.3% SD31.2 vs users for 2-5 yr: 78.7% SD17.1, 95%CI difference in means -0.3, -22.9]. In the group using Net-En for five years or more, Factor Xc was significantly higher than in the control group, but only by 14% of the mean control value [users for over 5 yr: 103.2% SD15.2, 95%CI difference in means 3.1, 22.7]. Haemoglobin levels, red cell count and packed cell volume were higher in those using the injections than in the control group. Changes in the platelet count were not statistically significant. Twenty-three women using the injection agreed to keep menstrual diaries. Of these, 20 experienced amenorrhoea for more than two consecutive injection intervals (112 days). It is concluded that long-term use of norethisterone enanthate is not associated with any markedly deleterious effects on Factor VIIc, Xc, or antithrombin III or haemoglobin levels. Amenorrhoea of 4 months or more can be expected after two years of continuous use.
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PMID:Long-term use of depot-norethisterone enanthate: effect on blood coagulation factors and menstrual bleeding patterns. 177 20

Because the long-term effects of estrogen replacement in adolescents with ovarian failure and hypothalamic amenorrhea have not been previously studied, we conducted a 2-year study of 35 patients to determine factors contributing to baseline bone density measures (bone density, bone mineral content, and bone width) and the response to estrogen therapy. Estrogen-deficient patients were often profoundly osteopenic by single-photon absorptiometry of the radius and dual-photon absorptiometry of the spine, despite estrogen replacement. Variables that were significant predictors of better initial single-photon absorptiometry measurements included increased age, increased body mass index, spontaneous pubertal development, lack of radiation therapy, and lower serum osteocalcin. Patients treated with estrogen/progestin had stable cortical bone mineral content and bone density at the distal one-third of the radius, a slight improvement in bone density at the distal one-tenth of the radius, and on encouraging, but marginal, improvement in the z score (standard deviation from the mean) of bone mineral content at the distal one-tenth. The z scores for cortical bone width and bone density decreased, suggesting a possible relative worsening over time. In untreated estrogen-deficient girls, bone mineral content and bone density decreased (but not significantly); the z score of cortical bone width showed a significant decrease. Using dual-photon absorptiometry, a history of radiation therapy was found to be a predictor of lower bone density compared with age-matched controls. Estrogen progestin therapy did not result in changes in serum levels of lipids and antithrombin III, weight, or blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Estrogen deficiency in adolescents and young adults: impact on bone mineral content and effects of estrogen replacement therapy. 217 Aug 85

Thrombo-embolic complications in pregnant women who have congenital antithrombin III deficiency are usually prevented by giving injections of sub-cutaneous heparin from the beginning to the end of pregnancy and with the administration of concentrated doses of antithrombin III (A.T. III) at delivery and in the following days. When we discovered a severe pre-eclampsia at the 28th week of pregnancy in a patient who had congenital deficiency of A.T. III and who had a past history of very severe thrombo-embolic complications we administered concentrated A.T. III as well as continuing the heparin treatment and anti-hypertensive treatment during the pregnancy. Severe fetal distress made us carry out a caesarean operation after 32 weeks of amenorrhoea. Delivery and the post-partum period were conducted without any complications. The newborn baby, who did not have congenital A.T. III deficiency, is very well.
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PMID:[Therapeutic management of pregnancy complicated by congenital antithrombin III deficiency associated with pregnancy nephropathy]. 373 44

Phasic oral contraceptives (OCs) provide a physiological approach to contraception and most closely approximate the ideals of a combined OC with the lowest possible doses to avoid the metabolic risks of estrogens and progestins, maximal contraceptive protection, and satisfactory cycle control. Earlier studies have demostrated the decline in myocaridal infarct and thromboembolic disease with reduction of ethinyl estradiol (EE) from 50 to 30 mcg, the correlation between progestin dose and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular deaths, and the effects of progestins derived from 19 nortestosterone in reducing the beneficial high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The preparation SH B 264 AB for example provides a 1st phase daily dose of 30 mcg EE and 50 mcg levonorgestrel, a sufficient dosage because of the low probability of ovulation but 1 which attempts to mimic the follicular secretion needed for endometrial growth. Daily doses in the 2nd phase increase to 40 mcg EE and 75 levonorgestrel, each of which is capable alone of inhibiting ovulation. The progestin causes a supplementary hypothalamic inhibition and renders the cervical mucus too viscous for sperm penetration, while the EE augments the hypothalamic inhibitory effect of the progestin, prevents release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, and suppresses the luteinizing hormone peak by increasing the pituitary threshold to hypothalamic stimulation. The total dose of SH B 264 AB is at least 30% less than that of other OCs. The Pearl index is 0.0-0.6, not quite as good as that of normal dosed OCs. The duration of menstrual bleeding appears unchanged even after prolonged use, while the amount of bleeding is slightly decreased. Amenorrhea and intermenstrual bleeding are rare. The good cycle control occurs because the steroid levels administered in the triphasic pill mimic those of ovarian secretion, leading to better endometrial development. The effects of triphasic pills on glycemia and insulin levels are very weak and are not statistically significant, while their slight estrogen dominance means that they have very slight effects on the level of HDL cholesterol. They cause a slight increase in triglyceride levels, minimal variation in coagulation parameters, a weak variation in factors VII, VIII, X, and plasminogen, and a slight decrease of antithrombin III. Triphasic OCs induce minimal augmentation in activity of the renin-angiotensin system, and in most cases do not affect blood pressure. Because of their estrogenic dominance, triphasic pills improve acne but may be associated with breast problems, water retention, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome with irritability, nervousness, and headache. Triphasic pills are indicated for women beginning OCs, women with poor cycle control under other OCs, women at high cardiovascular risk, women with acne, and women whose current OCs cause oily skin, hirsutism, reduced libido or other symptoms. Contraindications for the triphasic pill in addition to the usual factors include benign breast disease, premenstural syndrome, dysmenorrhea, or polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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PMID:[Pros and cons of triphasic oral contraception]. 1226 12

This open, prospective, noncomparative study evaluated clinical and metabolic aspects of the use of a contraceptive combination of ethinyl estradiol (30 microg) and gestodene (75 microg) continuously for 24 weeks in 45 women aged 25 +/- 3.7 years. No alterations in weight or blood pressure were observed. Few side effects were recorded. Amenorrhea rates increased from the fourth month of observation onwards, reaching 81.2% by week 24. A reduction in the levels of cholesterol and LDL and an increase in HDL and triglycerides were observed. Insulin levels increased but not significantly, while levels of glycemia remained unchanged. Levels of antithrombin III, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) increased, whereas a reduction was observed in proteins C and S and in prothrombin time (PT). Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) remained unchanged. The treatment was associated with satisfactory clinical effects, high rates of amenorrhea after the third treatment cycle, and resulted in metabolic changes similar to those encountered during the classic use of contraceptive pills with monthly interruption for withdrawal bleeding.
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PMID:Clinical and metabolic aspects of the continuous use of a contraceptive association of ethinyl estradiol (30 microg) and gestodene (75 microg). 1550 74