Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of circulating antibodies to the ovary in serum samples from women with premature ovarian failure suggests that an autoimmune mechanism is a factor in the pathogenesis of this disorder in some women. Sera from 110 women with elevated serum levels of gonadotropins, low serum levels of estrogens, normal karyotypes, and amenorrhea before the age of 35 years were investigated for the presence of antibodies to the ovary. Of the total sera from these 110 patients with premature ovarian failure, 30 (27%) had results that were positive for the presence of circulating antibodies to ovary.
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PMID:Prevalence of circulating antibodies directed toward ovaries among women with premature ovarian failure. 393 87

Out of 210 women seen at the Middlesex Hospital with secondary amenorrhoea the 63 who developed it after stopping oral contraceptives were fully investigated. Five had organic disease sufficient to account for the amenorrhoea (one had severe diabetes, one a pituitary tumour, and three premature ovarian failure); two patients had galactorrhoea (one of whom also had the pituitary tumour); two had anorexia nervosa.Of the 63 women 40 (63%) had suffered from amenorrhoea or prolonged or irregular menstrual cycles before taking the pill, and this suggested that combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives should be used with caution for women with irregular menstruation.Nineteen patients wished to become pregnant and 12 have so far done so after treatment with clomiphene or gonadotrophins.In another study 204 women recorded when their first menstrual cycle occurred after stopping the pill. Seventy-four had a cycle longer than five weeks but only five exceeded three months, and only one of the five had more than six months' amenorrhoea. These results confirm that the incidence of amenorrhoea after stopping oral contraceptives is low.
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PMID:Amenorrhoea after discontinuing combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives. 475 28

Two patients with 47,XXX karyotypes and premature ovarian failure are described. Both presented with episodes of amenorrhea, elevated levels of circulating follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and decreased estrogen concentrations. However, evidence of follicular activity existed in both cases. Why some women with 47,XXX karyotypes suffer from premature ovarian failure and why others have normal fertility and normal lengths of reproductive function is not known. Reports of immunologic disorders in patients with the triple-X syndrome and data showing that control of the lymphocyte may be related to the X chromosome point to a possible link between premature ovarian failure in 47,XXX women and immunologic abnormalities.
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PMID:Triple-X syndrome and premature ovarian failure. 641 Mar 14

Ovarian function has been studied in 44 adult females who previously received quadruple chemotherapy (MVPP) for Hodgkin's disease. The median age at treatment was 23 years, and the length of time between completion of treatment and study ranged from 6 months to 10 years (median, 30 months). Seventeen women maintained regular menses, 10 developed oligomenorrhea, and 17 developed amenorrhea. At treatment, the 17 women who subsequently developed amenorrhea were significantly older (median, 30 years) than those who maintained regular menses (median, 22 years) or developed oligomenorrhea (median, 23 years). All patients older than 36 years at the start of treatment stopped menstruating during chemotherapy. The cause of the menstrual disturbance in these patients was chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage characterized by high serum gonadotrophin and low serum estradiol concentrations. After completion of treatment there were 17 pregnancies, which resulted in 9 normal infants, 3 terminations, and 4 spontaneous abortions. Nine patients took the combination oral contraceptive pill throughout chemotherapy; however, subsequently 4 developed amenorrhea and 3 oligomenorrhea, suggesting that these patients had not been protected from chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage. Estrogen replacement therapy was of definite benefit in the symptomatic patients with premature ovarian failure.
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PMID:The effect of combination chemotherapy on ovarian function in women treated for Hodgkin's disease. 641 21

Premenopausal amenorrheic women may be at risk for the development of osteoporosis. In hyperprolactinemia, cortical bone mass is decreased and the magnitude of the decrease correlates with the severity of the estrogen deficiency. However, bone loss in women with amenorrhea from other causes has not been assessed. We have studied women with hypothalamic and hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea and premature ovarian failure. Bone mass in the peripheral cortical bone was only slightly decreased from age-matched controls, but spinal trabecular bone was decreased 20% to 30%. Estradiol levels were 20 to 80 pg/mL in these women, not different from normal early follicular levels. The decrease in bone mass in the spine did not correlate with serum estradiol at these levels. The hypothalamic amenorrhea group was made up of athletes in whom the bone mass decrease was an unexpected finding.
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PMID:Decreased spinal mineral content in amenorrheic women. 669 Aug 36

To investigate the effect of dopaminergic stimulation on gonadotrophin release, serum LH and FSH concentrations were measured during dopamine infusion (5 microgram/kg/min for 120 min) in 8 healthy women in the early follicular phase, in 12 patients with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea, in 5 subjects with premature ovarian failure and in 8 with polycystic ovarian disease and raised serum LH levels. Dopamine infusion produced a significant LH decrease compared with a control study using saline in all groups; there were no significant changes in FSH concentration. Between groups analysis showed a significantly greater LH fall in patients with polycystic ovarian disease than in the other groups. Dopamine inhibits LH release in healthy women and patients with anovulatory states of varying aetiology, and enhanced sensitivity to this inhibitory mechanism exists in polycystic ovarian disease. This finding suggests reduced dopamine activity at the median eminence level in this condition.
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PMID:Inhibition of luteinizing hormone release by dopamine infusion in healthy women and in various pathophysiological conditions. 679 26

The characteristics of 26 patients with presumptive premature ovarian failure have been examined. The initial diagnosis was based on any single serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration of greater than 40 mIU/ml in karyotypically normal women under 35 years of age with irregular menses or amenorrhea. Clinical manifestations were heterogeneous: some failed to undergo pubertal maturation, and other developed hypergonadotropic amenorrhea following several years of regular menses. Almost 70% experienced hot flashes. Three had thyroiditis. Nine of 18 patients had hormonal evidence of functioning ovarian follicles, and 4 of 9 women had viable oocytes on biopsy. Evidence of ovulation was noted in five patients, and spontaneous pregnancy occurred in one. These data emphasize the fallacy of using elevated FSH levels to diagnose irreversible ovarian failure and indicate the possibility of ovulation and pregnancy in some affected individuals.
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PMID:Idiopathic premature ovarian failure: clinical and endocrine characteristics. 680 Aug 42

Antimitotic chemotherapy and radiation therapy can induce temporary or permanent infertility in men, transitory amenorrhea or premature ovarian failure in women, and genetic mutations responsible of foetal deaths or congenital malformations in the progeny. Alkylating agents and radiotherapy can provoke definitive male infertility and ovarian failure, but individual susceptibility seems quite variable. In man, return of spermatogenesis can still be observed more than 10 years after treatment and pregnancies are obtained with very low sperm counts. In women, the progressive depletion of the follicular pool explains the increasing frequency of ovarian failure, with lower doses of treatment. Antimitotic and immunosuppressive therapy can also induce irreversible lesions in children's gonads.
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PMID:[Fertility after antimitotic treatments]. 770 65

Despite having amenorrhea and markedly elevated serum gonadotropin levels, some women with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure, nevertheless, have ovarian follicles that function intermittently. Graafian follicles capable of responding to these high FSH levels are faced with high serum LH levels as well, which might induce inappropriate luteinization and prevent normal follicle function. We examined this possibility using weekly blood sampling and sonography in 65 patients. Nearly 50% of our patients demonstrated ovarian follicle function [serum estradiol, > 183 pmol/L (50 pg/mL)] during a median of 4 months of observation (range, 2-6 months). However, during this observation, only 16% achieved an ovulatory serum progesterone level [> 9.5 nmol/L (3.0 ng/mL)]. We imaged an antral follicle by sonography in over 40% of patients (27 of 65), and serum estradiol was significantly greater when an antral follicle was present. The follicles in these patients were not functioning normally, however. In contrast to normal women, patients with ovarian failure had poor correlation between follicle diameter and serum estradiol. We biopsied these antral follicles in 6 patients and found luteinized Graafian follicles in all cases. Therefore, luteinized Graafian follicles account for at least 60% of the antral structures imaged (95% confidence limit). Thus, inappropriate luteinization of Graafian follicles appears to be a major pathophysiological mechanism in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure.
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PMID:Development of luteinized graafian follicles in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. 796 45

Patients with premature ovarian failure (POF) have been reported to have an increased frequency of the major histocompatibility class (MHC) class II antigen HLA-DR3. Here we attempt to confirm this association. We performed MHC class II immunophenotyping of HLA-DR antigens 1-10 on 102 North American caucasians with confirmed POF and 102 control caucasian women. All patients had experienced amenorrhea before the age of 40 yr and had elevated serum gonadotropins on repeated study. We found no significant increase in HLA-DR3 frequency in patients with POF when compared to our control group (P = 0.52) or even when compared to a large reference population (n = 1927) that did not differ significantly from our control group (P = 0.47). Our patients did have an increased frequency of HLA DR4 compared to this large reference population (41% vs. 23%; P < 0.001), but we were unable to demonstrate increased HLA DR4 frequency using our control group (31%; P = 0.14). In conclusion, despite a power of 99%, we were unable to confirm a significant increase in MHC class II HLA-DR3 frequency in patients with POF.
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PMID:Karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure: evaluation of association with the class II major histocompatibility complex. 812 48


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